whose father is said to have acted there as a Roman magistrate. Roman remains occur in the district, and the Wall of Antoninus ran through the parish. To the north, occupying an area of about 6 m. from east to west and 5 m. from north to south run the Kilpatrick Hills, of which the highest points are Duncomb and Fynloch Hill (each 1313 ft.).
KILRUSH, a seaport and watering-place of county Clare,
Ireland, in the west parliamentary division, on the north shore
of the Shannon estuary 45 m. below Limerick. Pop. of urban
district (1901), 4179. It is the terminus of a branch of the West
Clare railway. The only seaport of importance in the county,
it has a considerable export trade in peat fuel, extensive fisheries,
and flagstone quarries; while general fairs, horse fairs and annual
agricultural shows are held. The inner harbour admits only
small vessels, but there is a good pier a mile south of the town.
Off the harbour lies Scattery Island (Inis Cathaigh), where
St Senan (d. 544) founded a monastery. There are the remains
of his oratory and house and of seven rude churches or chapels,
together with a round tower and a holy well still in repute. The
island also received the epithet of Holy, and was a favourite
burial-ground until modern times.
KILSYTH, a police burgh of Stirlingshire, Scotland, on the
Kelvin, 13 m. N.N.E. of Glasgow by the North British railway,
and close to the Forth and Clyde canal. Pop. (1901), 7292.
The principal buildings are the town and public halls, and the
academy. The chief industries are coal-mining and iron-works;
there are also manufactures of paper and cotton, besides quarrying
of whinstone and sandstone. There are considerable remains
of the Wall of Antoninus south of the town, and to the north
the ruins of the old castle. Kilsyth dates from the middle of the
17th century and became a burgh of barony in 1826. It was
the scene of Montrose’s defeat of the Covenanters on the
15th of August 1645. The town was the centre of remarkable
religious revivals in 1742–3 and 1839, the latter conducted by
William Chalmers Burns (1815–1868), the missionary to China.
KILT, properly the short loose skirt or petticoat, reaching
to the knees and usually made of tartan, forming part of the
dress of a Scottish Highlander (see Costume). The word
means that which is “girded or tucked up,” and is apparently
of Scandinavian origin, cf. Danish kilte, to tuck up. The early
kilt was not a separate garment but was merely the lower part
of the plaid, in which the Highlander wrapped himself, hanging
down in folds below the belt.
KILWA (Quiloa), a seaport of German East Africa, about
200 m. S. of Zanzibar. There are two Kilwas, one on the mainland—Kilwa
Kivinje; the other, the ancient city, on an island—Kilwa
Kisiwani. Kilwa Kivinje, on the northern side of Kilwa
Bay, is regularly laid out, the houses in the European quarter
being large and substantial. The government house and barracks
are fortified and are surrounded by fine public gardens. The
adjacent country is fertile and thickly populated, and the trade
of the port is considerable. Much of it is in the hands of Banyans.
Kilwa is a starting-point for caravans to Lake Nyasa. Pop.
about 5000. Most of the inhabitants are Swahili.
Kilwa Kisiwani, 18 m. to the south of the modern town, possesses a deep harbour sheltered from all winds by projecting coral reefs. The island on which it is built is separated from the mainland by a shallow and narrow channel. The ruins of the city include massive walls and bastions, remains of a palace and of two large mosques, of which the domed roofs are in fair preservation, besides several Arab forts. The new quarter contains a customs house and a few Arab buildings. Pop. about 600. On the island of Songa Manara, at the southern end of Kilwa Bay, hidden in dense vegetation, are the ruins of another city, unknown to history. Fragments of palaces and mosques in carved limestone exist, and on the beach are the remains of a lighthouse. Chinese coins and pieces of porcelain have been found on the sea-shore, washed up from the reefs.
The sultanate of Kilwa is reputed to have been founded about A.D. 975 by Ali ibn Ḥasan, a Persian prince from Shiraz, upon the site of the ancient Greek colony of Rhapta. The new state, at first confined to the town of Kilwa, extended its influence along the coast from Zanzibar to Sofala, and the city came to be regarded as the capital of the Zenj “empire” (see Zanzibar: “Sultanate”). An Arab chronicle gives a list of over forty sovereigns who reigned at Kilwa in a period of five hundred years (cf. A. M. H. J. Stokvis, Manuel d’histoire, Leiden, 1888, i. 558). Pedro Alvares Cabral, the Portuguese navigator, was the first European to visit it. His fleet, on its way to India, anchored in Kilwa Bay in 1500. Kilwa was then a large and wealthy city, possessing, it is stated, three hundred mosques. In 1502 Kilwa submitted to Vasco da Gama, but the sultan neglecting to pay the tribute imposed upon him, the city in 1505 was occupied by the Portuguese. They built a fort there; the first erected by them on the east coast of Africa. Fighting ensued between the Arabs and the Portuguese, the city was destroyed; and in 1512 the Portuguese, whose ranks had been decimated by fever, temporarily abandoned the place. Subsequently Kilwa became one of the chief centres of the slave trade. Towards the end of the 17th century it fell under the dominion of the imams of Muscat, and on the separation in 1856 of their Arabian and African possessions became subject to the sultan of Zanzibar. With the rest of the southern part of the sultan’s continental dominions Kilwa was acquired by Germany in 1890 (see Africa, § 5; and German East Africa).
KILWARDBY, ROBERT (d. 1279), archbishop of Canterbury
and cardinal, studied at the university of Paris, where he soon
became famous as a teacher of grammar and logic. Afterwards
joining the order of St Dominic and turning his attention to
theology, he was chosen provincial prior of his order in England
in 1261, and in October 1272 Pope Gregory X. terminated
a dispute over the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury by
appointing Kilwardby. Although the new archbishop crowned
Edward I. and his queen Eleanor in August 1274, he took little
part in business of state, but was energetic in discharging the
spiritual duties of his office. He was charitable to the poor,
and showed liberality to the Dominicans. In 1278 Pope
Nicholas III. made him cardinal-bishop of Porto and Santa
Rufina; he resigned his archbishopric and left England, carrying
with him the registers and other valuable property belonging
to the see of Canterbury. He died in Italy on the 11th of
September 1279. Kilwardby was the first member of a mendicant
order to attain a high position in the English Church.
Among his numerous writings, which became very popular
among students, are De ortu scientiarum, De tempore, De Universali,
and some commentaries on Aristotle.
See N. Trevet, Annales sex regum Angliae, edited by T. Hog (London, 1845); W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. iii. (London, 1860–1876); J. Quétif and J. Échard, Scriptores ordinis Predicatorum (Paris, 1719–1721).
KILWINNING, a municipal and police burgh of Ayrshire,
Scotland, on the right bank of the Garnock, 24 m. S.W. of
Glasgow by the Caledonian railway, and 2634 m. by the Glasgow
& South-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 4440. The chief
buildings include the public library, the Masonic hall and the
district hospital. The centre of interest, however, is the ruined
abbey, originally one of the richest in Scotland. Founded
about 1140 by Hugh de Morville, lord of Cunninghame, for
Tyronensian monks of the Benedictine order, it was dedicated
to St Winnin, who lived on the spot in the 8th century and has
given his name to the town. This beautiful specimen of Early
English architecture was partly destroyed in 1561, and its
lands were granted to the earl of Eglinton and others. Kilwinning
is the traditional birthplace of Scottish freemasonry,
the lodge, believed to have been founded by the foreign architects
and masons who came to build the abbey, being regarded
as the mother lodge in Scotland. The royal company of archers
of Kilwinning—dating, it is said, as far back as 1488—meet
every July to shoot at the popinjay. The industry in weaving
shawls and lighter fabrics has died out; and the large iron,
coal and fire-clay works at Eglinton, and worsted spinning,
employ most of the inhabitants. About a mile from Kilwinning
is Eglinton Castle, the seat of the earls of Eglinton, built in
1798 in the English castellated style.
KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1st Earl of (1826–1902),
English statesman, was born on the 7th of January 1826, being
the eldest son of the Hon. Henry Wodehouse and grandson of
the 2nd Baron Wodehouse (the barony dating from 1797),
whom he succeeded in 1846. He was educated at Eton and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a first-class degree in
