various subsequent sovereigns. For several centuries previous to the Union it returned two members to the Irish parliament. It was the scene of an engagement between the French and English fleets in 1380, was forcibly entered by the English in 1488, captured by the Spaniards and retaken by the English in 1601, and entered by the English in 1641, who expelled the Irish inhabitants. Finally, it was the scene of the landing of James II. and of the French army sent to his assistance in 1689, and was taken by the English in the following year.
KINTORE, a royal and police burgh of Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Pop. (1901), 789. It is situated on the Don, 1314 m.
N.W. of Aberdeen by the Great North of Scotland railway. It
is a place of some antiquity, having been made a royal burgh in
the reign of William the Lion (d. 1214). Kintore forms one of
the Elgin group of parliamentary burghs, the others being Banff,
Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie and Peterhead. One mile to the south-west
are the ruins of Hallforest Castle, of which two storeys still
exist, once a hunting-seat of Robert Bruce and afterwards a
residence of the Keiths, earls marischal. There are several
examples of sculptured stones and circles in the parish, and 2 m.
to the north-west is the site of Bruce’s camp, which is also
ascribed to the period of the Romans. Near it is Thainston
House, the residence of Sir Andrew Mitchell (1708–1771), the
British envoy to Frederick the Great. Kintore gives the title
of earl in the Scottish, and of baron in the British peerage to
the head of the Keith-Falconer family.
KIOTO (Kyoto), the former capital of Japan, in the province
of Yamashiro, in 35° 01′ N., 135° 46′ E. Pop. (1903), 379,404.
The Kamo-gawa, upon which it stands, is a mere rivulet in ordinary
times, trickling through a wide bed of pebbles; but the city
is traversed by several aqueducts, and was connected with Lake
Biwa in 1890 by a canal 678 m. long, which carries an abundance of
water for manufacturing purposes, brings the great lake and the
city into navigable communication, and forms with the Kamo-gawa
canal and the Kamo-gawa itself a through route to Osaka,
from which Kioto is 25 m. distant by rail. Founded in the year
793, Kioto remained the capital of the empire during nearly
eleven centuries. The emperor Kwammu, when he selected this
remarkably picturesque spot for the residence of his court,
caused the city to be laid out with mathematical accuracy, after
the model of the Tang dynasty’s capital in China. Its area, 3 m.
by 312, was intersected by 18 principal thoroughfares, 9 running
due north and south, and 9 due east and west, the two systems
being connected at intervals by minor streets. At the middle
of the northern face stood the palace, its enclosure covering three-quarters
of a square mile, and from it to the centre of the south
face ran an avenue 283 ft. wide and 312 m. long. Conflagrations
and subsequent reconstructions modified the regularity of this
plan, but much of it still remains, and its story is perpetuated in
the nomenclature of the streets. In its days of greatest prosperity
Kioto contained only half a million inhabitants, thus never even
approximating to the size of the Tokugawa metropolis, Yedo, or
the Hojo capital Kamakura. The emperor Kwammu called
it Heian-jo, or the “city of peace,” when he made it the seat of
government; but the people knew it as Miyako, or Kyoto, terms
both of which signify “capital,” and in modern times it is often
spoken of as Saikyo, or western capital, in opposition to Tokyo,
or eastern capital. Having been so long the imperial, intellectual,
political and artistic metropolis of the realm, the city abounds
with evidences of its unique career. Magnificent temples and
shrines, grand monuments of architectural and artistic skill,
beautiful gardens, gorgeous festivals, and numerous ateliers
where the traditions of Japanese art are obeyed with attractive
results, offer to the foreign visitor a fund of interest. Clear water
ripples everywhere through the city, and to this water Kioto
owes something of its importance, for nowhere else in Japan can
fabrics be bleached so white or dyed in such brilliant colours.
The people, like their neighbours of Osaka, are full of manufacturing
energy. Not only do they preserve, amid all the
progress of the age, their old-time eminence as producers of the
finest porcelain, faience, embroidery, brocades, bronze, cloisonné
enamel, fans, toys and metal-work of all kinds, but they have
also adapted themselves to the foreign market, and weave and dye
quantities of silk fabrics, for which a large and constantly growing
demand is found in Europe and America. Nowhere else can be
traced with equal clearness the part played in Japanese civilization
by Buddhism, with its magnificent paraphernalia and imposing
ceremonial spectacles; nowhere else, side by side with this
luxurious factor, can be witnessed in more striking juxtaposition
the austere purity and severe simplicity of the Shinto cult; and
nowhere else can be more intelligently observed the fine faculty
of the Japanese for utilizing, emphasizing and enhancing the
beauties of nature. The citizens’ dwellings and the shops, on
the other hand, are insignificant and even sombre in appearance,
their exterior conveying no idea of the pretty chambers within
or of the tastefully laid-out grounds upon which they open
behind. Kioto is celebrated equally for its cherry and azalea
blossoms in the spring, and for the colours of its autumn
foliage.
KIOWAS, a tribe and stock of North American Indians.
Their former range was around the Arkansas and Canadian
rivers, in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Colorado and New
Mexico. A fierce people, they made raids upon the settlers
in western Texas until 1868, when they were placed on a
reservation in Indian Territory. In 1874 they broke out again,
but in the following year were finally subdued. In number
about 1200, and settled in Oklahoma, they are the sole
representatives of the Kiowan linguistic stock.
See J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” 17th Report of Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, 1898).
KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865– ), British author, was born in Bombay on the 30th of December 1865. His father, John
Lockwood Kipling (1837–1911), an artist of considerable ability,
was from 1875 to 1893 curator of the Lahore museum in India.
His mother was Miss Alice Macdonald of Birmingham, two of
whose sisters were married respectively to Sir E. Burne-Jones
and Sir Edward Poynter. He was educated at the United
Services College, Westward Ho, North Devon, of which a somewhat
lurid account is given in his story Stalky and Co. On his
return to India he became at the age of seventeen the sub-editor
of the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette. In 1886, in his twenty-first
year, he published Departmental Ditties, a volume of light
verse chiefly satirical, only in two or three poems giving promise
of his authentic poetical note. In 1887 he published Plain
Tales from the Hills, a collection mainly of the stories contributed
to his own journal. During the next two years he brought out,
in six slim paper-covered volumes of Wheeler’s Railway Library
(Allahabad), Soldiers Three, The Story of the Gadsbys, In Black
and White, Under the Deodars, The Phantom ’Rickshaw and
Wee Willie Winkee, at a rupee apiece. These were in form and
substance a continuation of the Plain Tales. This series of tales,
all written before the author was twenty-four, revealed a new
master of fiction. A few, but those the best, he afterwards said
that his father gave him. The rest were the harvest of his own
powers of observation vitalized by imagination. In method they
owed something to Bret Harte; in matter and spirit they were
absolutely original. They were unequal, as his books continued
to be throughout; the sketches of Anglo-Indian social life being
generally inferior to the rest. The style was to some extent
disfigured by jerkiness and mannered tricks. But Mr Kipling
possessed the supreme spell of the story-teller to entrance and
transport. The freshness of the invention, the variety of character,
the vigour of narrative, the raciness of dialogue, the magic of
atmosphere, were alike remarkable. The soldier-stories, especially
the exuberant vitality of the cycle which contains the immortal
Mulvaney, established the author’s fame throughout the world.
The child-stories and tales of the British official were not less
masterly, while the tales of native life and of adventure “beyond
the pale” disclosed an even finer and deeper vein of romance.
India, which had been an old story for generations of Englishmen,
was revealed in these brilliant pictures as if seen for the first
time in its variety, colour and passion, vivid as mirage, enchanting
as the Arabian Nights. The new author’s talent was quickly
