free is one of the sincerest tributes to his reputation. It was in captivity that he wrote his celebrated Discours politiques et militaires, a work which was published at Basel in 1587 [republished at La Rochelle 1590, Frankfurt on Main (in German) 1592 and 1612; and London (in English) 1597] and had an immense influence on the soldiers of all nations. The abiding value of La Noue’s “Discourses” lies in the fact that he wrote of war as a human drama, before it had been elaborated and codified. At length, in June 1585, La Noue was exchanged for Egmont and other prisoners of consideration, while a heavy ransom and a pledge not to bear arms against his Catholic majesty were also exacted from him. Till 1589 La Noue took no part in public matters, but in that year he joined Henry of Navarre against the Leaguers. He was present at both sieges of Paris, at Ivry and other battles. At the siege of Lamballe in Brittany he received a wound of which he died at Moncontour on the 4th of August 1591.
He wrote, besides the Discourses, Déclaration pour prise d’armes et la défense de Sedan et Jamets (1588); Observations sur l’histoire de Guicciardini (2 vols., 1592); and notes on Plutarch’s Lives. His Correspondance was published in 1854. See La Vie de François, seigneur de La Noue, by Moyse Amirault (Leiden, 1661); Brantôme’s Vies des Capitaines français; C. Vincens’ Les Héros de la Réforme. Fr. de La Noue (1875); and Hauser, François de La Noue (Paris, 1892).
LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY FITZMAURICE, 1st Marquess of (1737–1805), British statesman, better known under his earlier title of earl of Shelburne, was born at Dublin on the 20th of May 1737. He was a descendant of the lords of Kerry (dating from 1181), and his grandfather Thomas Fitzmaurice, who was created earl of Kerry (1723), married the daughter of Sir William Petty (q.v.). On the death without issue of Sir
William Petty’s sons, the first earls of Shelburne, the estates
passed to his nephew John Fitzmaurice (advanced in 1753 to the
earldom of Shelburne), who in 1751 took the additional name of
Petty. His son William spent his childhood “in the remotest
parts of the south of Ireland,” and, according to his own account,
when he entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1755, he had both
“everything to learn and everything to unlearn.” From a
tutor whom he describes as “narrow-minded” he received
advantageous guidance in his studies, but he attributes his
improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly
to the fact that, as was his “fate through life,” he fell in “with
clever but unpopular connexions.” Shortly after leaving the
university he served in Wolfe’s regiment during the Seven Years’
War, and so distinguished himself at Minden and Kloster-Kampen
that he was raised to the rank of colonel and appointed aide-de-camp
to the king (1760). Being thus brought into near communication
with Lord Bute, he was in 1761 employed by that
nobleman to negotiate for the support of Henry Fox, Lord
Holland. He was returned to the House of Commons as member
for Wycombe, but in 1761 he succeeded his father as earl of
Shelburne in the Irish peerage, and Baron Wycombe in the
peerage of Great Britain (created 1760). Though he declined
to take office under Bute he undertook negotiations to induce
C. J. Fox to gain the consent of the Commons to the peace of
1763. Fox affirmed that he had been duped, and, although
Shelburne always asserted that he had acted in thorough good
faith, Bute spoke of the affair as a “pious fraud.” Shelburne
joined the Grenville ministry in 1763 as president of the Board
of Trade, but, failing in his efforts to replace Pitt in the cabinet,
he in a few months resigned office. Having moreover on account
of his support of Pitt on the question of Wilkes’s expulsion from
the House of Commons incurred the displeasure of the king, he
retired for a time to his estate. After Pitt’s return to power
in 1766 he became secretary of state, but during Pitt’s illness
his conciliatory policy towards America was completely thwarted
by his colleagues and the king, and in 1768 he was dismissed
from office. In 1782 he consented to take office under the
marquess of Rockingham on condition that the king would
recognize the United States. On the death of Lord Rockingham
in the same year he became premier; but the secession of
Fox and his supporters led to the famous coalition of Fox with
North, which caused his resignation in the following February,
his fall being perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of
the public service. He had also in contemplation a bill to promote
free commercial intercourse between England and the
United States. When Pitt acceded to office in 1784, Shelburne,
instead of receiving a place in the cabinet, was created marquess
of Lansdowne. Though giving a general support to the policy
of Pitt, he from this time ceased to take an active part in public
affairs. He died on the 7th of May 1805. During his lifetime
he was blamed for insincerity and duplicity, and he incurred
the deepest unpopularity, but the accusations came chiefly from
those who were dissatisfied with his preference of principles to
party, and if he had had a more unscrupulous regard to his
personal ambition, his career as a statesman would have had
more outward success. He was cynical in his estimates of
character, but no statesman of his time possessed more enlightened
political views, while his friendship with those of his
contemporaries eminent in science and literature must be
allowed considerable weight in qualifying our estimate of the
moral defects with which he has been credited. He was twice
married, first to Lady Sophia (1745–1771), daughter of John
Carteret, Earl Granville, through whom he obtained the Lansdowne
estates near Bath, and secondly to Lady Louisa (1755–1789),
daughter of John Fitzpatrick, 1st earl of Upper Ossory.
John Henry Petty Fitzmaurice (1765–1809), his son by the
first marriage, succeeded as 2nd marquess, after having sat in
the House of Commons for twenty years as member for Chipping Wycombe.
Henry Petty Fitzmaurice, 3rd marquess of Lansdowne (1780–1863), son of the 1st marquess by his second marriage, was born on the 2nd of July 1780 and educated at Edinburgh University and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He entered the House of Commons in 1802 as member for the family borough of Calne and quickly showed his mettle as a politician. In February 1806, as Lord Henry Petty, he became chancellor of the exchequer in the ministry of “All the Talents,” being at this time member for the university of Cambridge; but he lost both his seat and his office in 1807. In 1809 he became marquess of Lansdowne; and in the House of Lords and in society he continued to play an active part as one of the Whig leaders. His chief interest was perhaps in the question of Roman Catholic emancipation, a cause which he consistently championed, but he sympathized also with the advocates of the abolition of the slave-trade and with the cause of popular education. Lansdowne, who had succeeded his cousin, Francis Thomas Fitzmaurice, as 4th earl of Kerry in 1818, took office with Canning in May 1827 and was secretary for home affairs from July of that year until January 1828; he was lord president of the council under Earl Grey and then under Lord Melbourne from November 1830 to August 1841, with the exception of the few months in 1835 when Sir Robert Peel was prime minister. He held the same office during the whole of Lord John Russell’s ministry (1846–1852), and, having declined to become prime minister, sat in the cabinets of Lord Aberdeen and of Lord Palmerston, but without office. In 1857 he refused the offer of a dukedom, and he died on the 31st of January 1863. Lansdowne’s social influence and political moderation made him one of the most powerful Whig statesmen of the time; he was frequently consulted by Queen Victoria on matters of moment, and his long official experience made his counsel invaluable to his party. He married Louisa (1785–1851), daughter of the 2nd earl of Ilchester, and was succeeded by his son Henry, the 4th marquess (1816–1866). The latter, who was member of parliament for Calne for twenty years and chairman of the Great Western railway, married for his second wife Emily (1819–1895), daughter of the comte de Flahaut de la Billarderie, a lady who became Baroness Nairne in her own right in 1867. By her he had two sons, the 5th marquess and Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice (Baron Fitzmaurice of Leigh).
Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, 5th marquess of Lansdowne (b. 1845), was educated at Balliol, Oxford, where he became one of Jowett’s favourite pupils. In 1869 he married
