broke out, and reduced the population to a few hundreds. In 1901 it had risen again to 25,811. About seven-ninths of the land under cultivation consists of wet rice cultivation. A certain amount of upland rice is also cultivated, and cotton, sugar-cane and garden produce make up the rest; recently large orange groves have been planted in the west of the state. Laihka, the capital, is noted for its iron-work, both the iron and the implements made being produced at Pang Lōng in the west of the state. This and lacquer-ware are the chief exports, as also a considerable amount of pottery. The imports are chiefly cotton piece-goods and salt. The general character of the state is that of an undulating plateau, with a broad plain near the capital and along the Nam Tēng, which is the chief river, with a general altitude of a little under 3000 ft.
LEH, the capital of Ladakh, India, situated 4 m. from the
right bank of the upper Indus 11,500 ft. above the sea, 243 m.
from Srinagar and 482 m. from Yarkand. It is the great emporium
of the trade which passes between India, Chinese Turkestan
and Tibet. Here meet the routes leading from the central
Asian khanates, Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan and Lhasa. The
two chief roads from Leh to India pass via Srinagar and through
the Kulu valley respectively. Under a commercial treaty with
the maharaja of Kashmir, a British officer is deputed to Leh
to regulate and control the traders and the traffic, conjointly
with the governor appointed by the Kashmir state. Lying
upon the western border of Tibet, Leh has formed the starting-point
of many an adventurous journey into that country, the
best-known route being that called the Janglam, the great
trade route to Lhasa and China, passing by the Manasarowar
lakes and the Mariam La pass into the valley of the Tsanpo.
Pop. (1901) 2079. A Moravian mission has long been established
here, with an efficient little hospital. There is also a meteorological
observatory, the most elevated in Asia, where the average
mean temperature ranges from 19.3° in January to 64.4° in
July. The annual rainfall is only 3 in.
LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?–1767), German mineralogist
and geologist, was educated at Berlin where he took his
degree of doctor of medicine. He became a teacher of mineralogy
and mining in that city, and was afterwards (1761) appointed
professor of chemistry and director of the imperial museum at
St Petersburg. While distinguished for his chemical and mineralogical
researches, he may also be regarded as one of the pioneers
in geological investigation. Although he accepted the view of a
universal deluge, he gave in 1756 careful descriptions of the
rocks and stratified formations in Prussia, and introduced the
now familiar terms Zechstein and Rothes Todtliegendes (Rothliegende)
for subdivisions of the strata since grouped as Permian.
His chief observations were published in Versuch einer Geschichte
von Flötz-Gebürgen, betreffend deren Entstehung, Lage, darinne
befindliche Metallen, Mineralien und Fossilien (1756). He died
at St Petersburg on the 22nd of January 1767.
LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810–1870), Danish
statesman, was born at Copenhagen on the 15th of May 1810.
Although of German extraction his sympathies were with the
Danish national party and he contributed to the liberal journal
the Kjöbenhavnsposten while he was a student of law at the
university of Copenhagen, and from 1839 to 1842 edited, with
Christian N. David, the Fädrelandet. In 1842 he was condemned
to three months’ imprisonment for a radical speech. He took
a considerable part in the demonstrations of 1848, and was
regarded as the leader of the “Eiderdänen,” that is, of the party
which regarded the Eider as the boundary of Denmark, and the
duchy of Schleswig as an integral part of the kingdom. He
entered the cabinet of Count A. W. Moltke in March 1848, and
was employed on diplomatic missions to London and Berlin in
connexion with the Schleswig-Holstein question. He was for
some months in 1849 a prisoner of the Schleswig-Holsteiners at
Gottorp. A member of the Folkething from 1851 to 1853, of
the Landsthing from 1854 to 1870, and from 1856 to 1866 of the
Reichsrat, he became minister of the interior in 1861 in the
cabinet of K. C. Hall, retiring with him in 1863. He died at
Copenhagen on the 13th of September 1870. His book On the
Causes of the Misfortunes of Denmark (1864) went through many
editions, and his posthumous works were published in 4 vols.,
1872–1874.
See Reinhardt, Orla Lehmann og hans samtid (Copenhagen, 1871); J. Clausen, Af O. Lehmanns Papirer (Copenhagen, 1903).
LEHNIN, a village and health resort of Germany, in the
Prussian province of Brandenburg, situated between two lakes,
which are connected by the navigable Emster with the Havel,
12 m. S.W. from Potsdam, and with a station on the main line
Berlin-Magdeburg, and a branch line to Grosskreuz. Pop. (1900)
2379. It contains the ruins of a Cistercian monastery called
Himmelpfort am See, founded in 1180 and dissolved in 1542;
a handsome parish church, formerly the monasterial chapel,
restored in 1872–1877; and a fine statue of the emperor
Frederick III. Boat-building and saw-milling are the chief
industries.
See Heffter, Geschichte des Klosters Lehnin (Brandenburg, 1851); and Sello, Lehnin, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kloster und Amt (Berlin, 1881).
The Lehnin Prophecy (Lehninsche Weissagung, Vaticinium Lehninense), a poem in 100 Leonine verses, reputed to be from the pen of a monk, Hermann of Lehnin, who lived about the year 1300, made its appearance about 1690 and caused much controversy. This so-called prophecy bewails the extinction of the Ascanian rulers of Brandenburg and the rise of the Hohenzollern dynasty to power; each successive ruler of the latter house down to the eleventh generation is described, the date of the extinction of the race fixed, and the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church foretold. But as the narrative is only exact in details down to the death of Frederick William, the great elector, in 1688, and as all prophecies of the period subsequent to that time were falsified by events, the poem came to be regarded as a compilation and the date of its authorship placed about the year 1684. Andreas Fromm (d. 1685), rector of St Peter’s church in Berlin, an ardent Lutheran, is commonly believed to have been the forger. This cleric, resisting certain measures taken by the great elector against the Lutheran pastors, fled the country in 1668 to avoid prosecution, and having been received at Prague into the Roman Catholic Church was appointed canon of Leitmeritz in Bohemia, where he died. During the earlier part of the 19th century the poem was eagerly scanned by the enemies of the Hohenzollerns, some of whom believed that the race would end with King Frederick William III., the representative of the eleventh generation of the family.
The “Vaticinium” was first published in Lilienthal’s Gelehrtes Preussen (Königsberg, 1723), and has been many times reprinted. See Boost, Die Weissagungen des Mönchs Hermann zu Lehnin (Augsburg, 1848); Hilgenfeld, Die Lehninische Weissagung (Leipzig, 1875); Sabell, Literatur der sogenannten Lehninschen Weissagung (Heilbronn, 1879) and Kampers, Die Lehninsche Weissagung über das Haus Hohenzollern (Münster, 1897).
LEHRS, KARL (1802–1878), German classical scholar, was born
at Königsberg on the 2nd of June 1802. He was of Jewish
extraction, but in 1822 he embraced Christianity. In 1845 he
was appointed professor of ancient Greek philology in Königsberg
University, which post he held till his death on the 9th of June
1878. His most important works are: De Aristarchi Studiis
Homericis (1833, 2nd ed. by A. Ludwich, 1882), which laid a new
foundation for Homeric exegesis (on the Aristarchean lines of
explaining Homer from the text itself) and textual criticism;
Quaestiones Epicae (1837); De Asclepiade Myrleano (1845);
Herodiani Scripta Tria emendatiora (1848); Populäre Aufsätze
aus dem Altertum (1856, 2nd much enlarged ed., 1875), his best-known
work; Horatius Flaccus (1869), in which, on aesthetic
grounds, he rejected many of the odes as spurious; Die Pindarscholien
(1873). Lehrs was a man of very decided opinions, “one
of the most masculine of German scholars”; his enthusiasm for
everything Greek led him to adhere firmly to the undivided
authorship of the Iliad; comparative mythology and the symbolical
interpretation of myths he regarded as a species of sacrilege.
See the exhaustive article by L. Friedländer in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, xviii.; E. Kammer in C. Bursian’s Jahresbericht (1879); A. Jung, Zur Erinnerung an Karl Lehrs (progr. Meseritz, 1880); A. Ludwich edited Lehrs’ select correspondence (1894) and his Kleine Schriften (1902).
