who have allowed unreasonable time to elapse in seeking it, on the principle vigilantibus ac non dormientibus jura subveniunt.
LACHINE, an incorporated town in Jacques Cartier county,
Quebec, Canada, 8 m. W. of Montreal, on Lake St Louis, an
expansion of the St Lawrence river, and at the upper end of
the Lachine canal. Pop. (1901) 5561. It is a station on the
Grand Trunk railway and a port of call for steamers plying
between Montreal and the Great Lakes. It is a favourite summer
resort for the people of Montreal. It was named in 1669 in
mockery of its then owner, Robert Cavelier de la Salle (1643–1687),
who dreamed of a westward passage to China. In 1689
it was the scene of a terrible massacre of the French by the
Iroquois.
LACHISH, a town of great importance in S. Palestine, often
mentioned in the Tell el-Amarna tablets. It was destroyed
by Joshua for joining the league against the Gibeonites (Joshua
x. 31-33) and assigned to the tribe of Judah (xv. 39). Rehoboam
fortified it (2 Chron. xi. 9). King Amaziah having fled hither,
was here murdered by conspirators (2 Kings xiv. 19).
Sennacherib here conducted a campaign (2 Kings xviii. 13)
during which Hezekiah endeavoured to make terms with him:
the campaign is commemorated by bas-reliefs found in Nineveh,
now in the British Museum (see G. Smith’s History of Sennacherib,
p. 69). It was one of the last cities that resisted Nebuchadnezzar
(Jer. xxxiv. 7). The meaning of Micah’s denunciation (i. 13)
of the city is unknown. The Onomasticon places it 7 m. from
Eleutheropolis on the S. road, which agrees with the generally
received identification, Tell el-Ḥesi, an important mound
excavated for the Palestine Exploration Fund by Petrie and
Bliss, 1890–1893. The name is preserved in a small Roman
site in the neighbourhood, Umm Lakis, which probably represents
a later dwelling-place of the descendants of the ancient
inhabitants of the city.
See W. M. Flinders Petrie, Tell el-Hesy, and F. J. Bliss, A Mound of many Cities, both published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. (R. A. S. M.)
LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793–1851), German philologist and critic, was born at Brunswick on the 4th of March 1793. He studied at Leipzig and
Göttingen, devoting himself mainly to philological studies.
In 1815 he joined the Prussian army as a volunteer chasseur and
accompanied his detachment to Paris, but did not encounter the
enemy. In 1816 he became an assistant master in the Friedrich
Werder gymnasium at Berlin, and a privat-docent at the university.
The same summer he became one of the principal masters in
the Friedrichs-Gymnasium of Königsberg, where he assisted
his colleague, the Germanist Friedrich Karl Köpke (1785–1865)
with his edition of Rudolf von Ems’ Barlaam und Josaphat
(1818), and also assisted his friend in a contemplated edition
of the works of Walther von der Vogelweide. In January 1818
he became professor extraordinarius of classical philology in
the university of Königsberg, and at the same time began to
lecture on Old German grammar and the Middle High German
poets. He devoted himself during the following seven years
to an extraordinarily minute study of those subjects, and in
1824 obtained leave of absence in order that he might search
the libraries of middle and south Germany for further materials.
In 1825 Lachmann was nominated extraordinary professor
of classical and German philology in the university of Berlin
(ordinary professor 1827); and in 1830 he was admitted a member
of the Academy of Sciences. The remainder of his laborious
and fruitful life as an author and a teacher was uneventful.
He died on the 13th of March 1851.
Lachmann, who was the translator of the first volume of P. E. Müller’s Sagabibliothek des skandinavischen Altertums (1816), is a figure of considerable importance in the history of German philology (see Rudolf von Raumer, Geschichte der germanischen Philologie, 1870). In his “Habilitationsschrift” Über die ursprüngliche Gestalt des Gedichts der Nibelunge Not (1816), and still more in his review of Hagen’s Nibelungen and Benecke’s Bonerius, contributed in 1817 to the Jenaische Literaturzeitung he had already laid down the rules of textual criticism and elucidated the phonetic and metrical principles of Middle High German in a manner which marked a distinct advance in that branch of investigation. The rigidly scientific character of his method becomes increasingly apparent in the Auswahl aus den hochdeutschen Dichtern des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (1820), in the edition of Hartmann’s Iwein (1827), in those of Walther von der Vogelweide (1827) and Wolfram von Eschenbach (1833), in the papers “Über das Hildebrandslied,” “Über althochdeutsche Betonung und Verskunst,” “Über den Eingang des Parzivals,” and “Über drei Bruchstücke niederrheinischer Gedichte” published in the Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy, and in Der Nibelunge Not und die Klage (1826, 11th ed., 1892), which was followed by a critical commentary in 1836. Lachmann’s Betrachtungen über Homer’s Ilias, first published in the Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy in 1837 and 1841, in which he sought to show that the Iliad consists of sixteen independent “lays” variously enlarged and interpolated, have had considerable influence on modern Homeric criticism (see Homer), although his views are no longer accepted. His smaller edition of the New Testament appeared in 1831, 3rd ed. 1846; the larger, in two volumes, in 1842–1850. The plan of Lachmann’s edition, explained by himself in the Stud. u. Krit. of 1830, is a modification of the unaccomplished project of Bentley. It seeks to restore the most ancient reading current in Eastern MSS., using the consent of the Latin authorities (Old Latin and Greek Western Uncials) as the main proof of antiquity of a reading where the oldest Eastern authorities differ. Besides Propertius (1816), Lachmann edited Catullus (1829); Tibullus (1829); Genesius (1834); Terentianus Maurus (1836); Babrius (1845); Avianus (1845); Gaius (1841–1842); the Agrimensores Romani (1848–1852); Lucilius (edited after his death by Vahlen, 1876); and Lucretius (1850). The last, which was the main occupation of the closing years of his life, from 1845, was perhaps his greatest achievement, and has been characterized by Munro as “a work which will be a landmark for scholars as long as the Latin language continues to be studied.” Lachmann also translated Shakespeare’s sonnets (1820) and Macbeth (1829).
See M. Hertz, Karl Lachmann, eine Biographie (1851), where a full list of Lachmann’s works is given; F. Leo, Rede zur Säcularfeier K. Lachmanns (1893); J. Grimm, biography in Kleine Schriften; W. Scherer in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xvii., and J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship, iii. (1908), pp. 127–131.
LACINIUM, PROMUNTURIUM (mod. Capo delle Colonne),
7 m S.E. of Crotona (mod. Cotrone); the easternmost point
of Bruttii (mod. Calabria). On the cape still stands a single
column of the temple erected to Hera Lacinia, which is said to
have been fairly complete in the 16th century, but to have been
destroyed to build the episcopal palace at Cotrone. It is a
Doric column with capital, about 27 ft. in height. Remains of
marble roof-tiles have been seen on the spot (Livy xlii. 3) and
architectural fragments were excavated in 1886–1887 by the
Archaeological Institute of America. The sculptures found
were mostly buried again, but a few fragments, some decorative
terra-cottas and a dedicatory inscription to Hera of the 6th
century B.C., in private possession at Cotrone, are described
by F. von Duhn in Notizie degli scavi, 1897, 343 seq. The date
of the erection of the temple may be given as 480–440 B.C.;
it is not recorded by any ancient writer.
See R. Koldewey and O. Puchstein, Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien (Berlin 1899, 41).
LA CIOTAT, a coast town of south-eastern France in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, on the west shore of the Bay of La Ciotat, 26 m. S.E. of Marseilles by rail. Pop. (1906) 10,562. The port is easily accessible and well sheltered. The large shipbuilding yards and repairing docks of the Messageries Maritimes Company give employment to between 2000 and 3000 workmen. Fishing and an active coasting trade are carried on; the town is frequented for sea-bathing. La Ciotat was in ancient times the port of the neighbouring town of
Citharista (now the village of Ceyreste).
LA CLOCHE, JAMES DE [“Prince James Stuart”] (1644?–1669), a character who was brought into the history of England by Lord Acton in 1862 (Home and Foreign Review, i. 146–174: “The Secret History of Charles II.”). From information discovered by Father Boero in the archives of the Jesuits in Rome, Lord Acton averred that Charles II., when a lad at Jersey, had a natural son, James. The evidence follows. On the 2nd of April 1668, as the register of the Jesuit House of Novices at Rome attests, “there entered Jacobus de la Cloche.” His baggage was exiguous, his attire was clerical. He is described as “from the island of Jersey, under the king of England, aged 24.” He possessed two documents in French, purporting to have been written by Charles II. at Whitehall, on the 25th of
