plantation school in southern Virginia; and for three years conducted a school of her own in Duxbury, Mass. Upon returning from Virginia she had joined the abolitionists, and she took an active part in the Washingtonian temperance movement.[1] In 1845 she married Daniel Parker Livermore (1819–1899), a Universalist clergyman. In 1857 they removed to Chicago, Illinois, where she assisted her husband in editing the religious weekly, The New Covenant (1857–1869). During the Civil War, as an associate member of the United States Sanitary Commission, and as an agent of its North-western branch, she organized many aid societies, contributed to the success of the North-western Sanitary Fair in Chicago in 1863, and visited army posts and hospitals. After the war she devoted herself to the promotion of woman’s suffrage and to temperance reform, founding in Chicago in 1869 The Agitator, which in 1870 was merged into the Woman’s Journal (Boston), of which she was an associate editor until 1872. She died in Melrose, Mass. on the 23rd of May 1905. She had been president of the Illinois, the Massachusetts and the American woman’s suffrage associations, the Massachusetts Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Woman’s Congress, and a member of many other societies. She lectured in the United States, England and Scotland, contributed to magazines and wrote: The Children’s Army (1844), temperance stories; Thirty Years Too Late (1848), a temperance story; A Mental Transformation (1848); Pen Pictures (1863), short stories; What Shall We Do With Our Daughters? and Other Lectures (1883); My Story of the War (1888); and The Story of My Life (1897). With Frances E. Willard, she edited A Woman of the Century: Biographical Sketches of Leading American Women (1893).
LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF. Charles Jenkinson, 1st earl of
Liverpool (1729–1808), English statesman, eldest son of Colonel
Charles Jenkinson (d. 1750) and grandson of Sir Robert Jenkinson,
Bart., of Walcot, Oxfordshire, was born at Winchester on
the 16th of May 1729. The family was descended from Anthony
Jenkinson (d. 1611), sea-captain, merchant and traveller, the
first Englishman to penetrate into Central Asia. Charles was
educated at Charterhouse school and University College, Oxford,
where he graduated M.A. in 1752. In 1761 he entered parliament
as member for Cockermouth and was made under-secretary
of state by Lord Bute; he won the favour of George III., and
when Bute retired Jenkinson became the leader of the “king’s
friends” in the House of Commons. In 1763 George Grenville
appointed him joint secretary to the treasury; in 1766, after a
short retirement, he became a lord of the admiralty and then a
lord of the treasury in the Grafton administration; and from
1778 until the close of Lord North’s ministry in 1782 he was
secretary-at-war. From 1786 to 1801 he was president of the
board of trade and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and he
was popularly regarded as enjoying the confidence of the king to a
special degree. In 1772 Jenkinson became a privy councillor
and vice-treasurer of Ireland, and in 1775 he purchased the
lucrative sinecure of clerk of the pells in Ireland and became
master of the mint. In 1786 he was created Baron Hawkesbury,
and ten years later earl of Liverpool. He died in London on the
17th of December 1808. Liverpool was twice married: firstly
to Amelia (d. 1770), daughter of William Watts, governor of
Fort William, Bengal, and secondly to Catherine, daughter of
Sir Cecil Bisshoff, Bart., and widow of Sir Charles Cope, Bart.;
he had a son by each marriage. He wrote several political works,
but except his Treatise on the Coins of the Realm (1805) these are
without striking merits. They are, Dissertation on the establishment
of a national and constitutional force in England independent
of a standing army (1756); Discourse on the conduct of the government
of Great Britain respecting neutral nations (1758, new ed.,
1837); and Collection of Treaties between Great Britain and other
Powers 1648–1783 (1785). His Coins of the Realm was reprinted
by the Bank of England in 1880.
His son, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd earl (1770–1828), was educated at Charterhouse and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he had George Canning, afterwards his close political associate, for a contemporary. In 1790 he entered parliament as member for Appleby; he became master of the mint in 1799 and foreign secretary in Addington’s administration in 1801, when he conducted the negotiations for the abortive treaty of Amiens. On the accession of Pitt to power in 1804, he obtained the home office, having in the previous year been elevated as Baron Hawkesbury to the House of Lords, where he acted as leader of the government. He declined the premiership on the death of Pitt in 1806, and remained out of office until Portland became prime minister in 1807, when he again became secretary of state for home affairs. In 1808 he succeeded his father as earl of Liverpool. In the ministry of Spencer Perceval (1809–1812) he was secretary for war and the colonies. After the assassination of Perceval in May 1812 he became prime minister, and retained office till compelled in February 1827 to resign by the illness (paralysis) which terminated his life on the 4th of December 1828.
The political career of the 2nd Lord Liverpool was of a negative character so far as legislation was concerned; but he held office in years of great danger and depression, during which he “kept order among his colleagues, composed their quarrels, and oiled the wheels to make it possible for the machinery of government to work” (Spencer Walpole). The energy of Castlereagh and Canning secured the success of the foreign policy of his cabinet, but in his home policy he was always retrograde. The introduction of the bill of pains and penalties against Queen Caroline greatly increased his unpopularity, originated by the severe measures of repression employed to quell the general distress, which had been created by the excessive taxation which followed the Napoleonic wars. Lord Liverpool was destitute of wide sympathies and of true political insight, and his resignation of office was followed almost immediately by the complete and permanent reversal of his domestic policy. He was twice married but had no children, and he was succeeded by his half-brother Charles Cecil Cope Jenkinson, 3rd earl (1784–1851), who left three daughters. The baronetcy then passed to a cousin, and the peerage became extinct. But in 1905 the earldom was revived in the person of the 3rd earl’s grandson, Cecil George Savile Foljambe (1846–1907), who had been a Liberal member of parliament from 1880 to 1892, and in 1893 was created Baron Hawkesbury. He was succeeded in 1907 by his son, Arthur (b. 1870).
For the life of the 2nd earl see the anonymous Memoirs of the Public Life and Administration of Liverpool (1827); C. D. Yonge, Life and Administration of the 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1868); T. E. Kebbel, History of Toryism (1886); and Sir S. Walpole, History of England, vol. ii. (1890).
LIVERPOOL, a city, municipal, county and parliamentary
borough, and seaport of Lancashire, England, 201 m. N.W. of
London by rail, situated on the right bank of the estuary of the
Mersey, the centre of the city being about 3 m. from the open
sea. The form of the city is that of an irregular semicircle, having
the base line formed by the docks and quays extending about
9 m. along the east bank of the estuary, which here runs nearly
north and south, and varies in breadth from 1 to 2 m. On the
north the city is partly bounded by the borough of Bootle, along
the shore of which the line of docks is continued. The area of the
city is 16,619 acres exclusive of water area. The population at
the census of 1901 was 684,958; the estimated population in
1908 was 753,203; the birth-rate for 1907 was 31.7 and the
death-rate 18.3; in 1908 the rateable value was £4,679,520.
The city lies on a continuous slope varying in gradient, but in some districts very steep. Exposed to the western sea breezes, with a dry subsoil and excellent natural drainage, the site is naturally healthy. The old borough, lying between the pool, now completely obliterated, and the river, was a conglomeration of narrow alleys without any regard to sanitary provisions; and during the 16th and 17th centuries it was several times visited by plague. When the town expanded beyond its original limits,
- ↑ This movement was started in 1840 by habitués of a Baltimore (Md.) tavern, who then founded the Washington Temperance Society (named in honour of George Washington). The movement spread rapidly in 1841–1843, but by the close of 1843 it had nearly spent its force. The members of the Society made a pledge not to drink spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider. Women organized Martha Washington Societies as auxiliary organizations.
