with English commentaries—to which he contributed the edition of Cicero’s Orations (1851–1862). He died on the 10th of August 1879.
Among his other works are: Summary of Herodotus (1829); editions of Herodotus (1830–1833) and Xenophon’s Anabasis (1831); revised editions of J. A. Macleane’s Juvenal and Persius (1867) and Horace (1869); the Civil Wars of Rome; a translation with notes of thirteen of Plutarch’s Lives (1844–1848); translations of the Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius (1862) and the Discourses of Epictetus (1877); Decline of the Roman Republic (1864–1874), 5 vols. See H. J. Matthews, “In Memoriam,” reprinted from the Brighton College Magazine, 1879.
LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– ), American lawyer and political leader, was born in Buckfield, Oxford county, Maine, on the 27th of October 1838. He graduated at Harvard in 1857, studied law at the Harvard Law School and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He practised in Boston, became active in politics as a Republican, was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1875–1878 and its speaker in 1876–1878, lieutenant-governor of the state in 1879, and governor in 1880–1882. In 1883–1889 he was a member of the National House of Representatives, and from March 1897 to May 1902 was secretary of the navy, in the cabinet, first of President McKinley and then of President Roosevelt. In 1902 he became president of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College. His publications include a version of the Aeneid (1879), After-Dinner and Other Speeches (1895) and The New American Navy (1903).
LONG BRANCH, a city of Monmouth county, New Jersey,
U.S.A., on the easternmost or “long” branch of the Shrewsbury
river and on the Atlantic coast, about 30 m. S. of New York
City. Pop. (1890) 7231; (1900) 8872, of whom 1431 were foreign-born
and 987 were negroes; (1910 census) 13,298. It is served
by the Pennsylvania, the Central of New Jersey, the New York
& Long Branch, and electric railways, and by steamboats to
New York. The carriage roads in the vicinity are unusually
good. Long Branch is one of the oldest American watering-places.
It is situated on a bluff which rises abruptly 20-35 ft.
above the beach, and along the front of which bulkheads and
jetties have been erected as a protection from the waves; along
or near the edge of the bluff, Ocean Avenue, 60 ft. wide and
about 5 m. long (from Seabright to Deal), commands delightful
views of the ocean. A “bluff walk” runs above the water
for 2 m. The city has one public park, Ocean Park (about
10 acres), and two privately owned parks, one of which is
Pleasure Bay Park (25 acres), on the Shrewsbury river, where
operas are given in the open air. The principal public institutions
are the Monmouth Memorial Hospital and the Long Branch
Circulating Library. In Long Branch the Monmouth County
Horse Show is held annually in July. The southern part of
Long Branch, known as Elberon, contains some beautiful
summer residences—in one of its cottages General U. S. Grant
spent his summers for many years, and in another, the
Francklyn, President J. A. Garfield died in 1881. In 1909 a
monument to Garfield was erected in Ocean Park. Adjoining
Long Branch on the N. is the borough of Monmouth Beach
(incorporated in 1906; population, 1910, 485). Before the
War of Independence the site of Long Branch was owned by
Colonel White, a British officer. It was confiscated as a result of
the war, and late in the century its development as a watering-place
began. Long Branch was chartered as a city in 1904.
LONGCHAMP, WILLIAM (d. 1197), chancellor of England
and bishop of Ely, entered public life at the close of Henry II.’s reign as official to the king’s son Geoffrey, for the archdeaconry
of Rouen. Henry II., who disliked him, called him
the “son of two traitors.” He soon deserted Geoffrey for
Richard, who made him chancellor of the duchy of Aquitaine.
He always showed himself an able diplomatist. He first distinguished
himself at Paris, as Richard’s envoy, when he defeated
Henry II.’s attempt to make peace with Philip Augustus (1189).
On Richard’s accession William became chancellor of the kingdom
and bishop of Ely. When Richard left England (Dec.
1189), he put the tower of London in his hands and chose him
to share with Hugh de Puiset, the great bishop of Durham,
the office of chief justiciar. William immediately quarrelled
with Hugh, and by April 1190 had managed to oust him completely
from office. In June 1190 he received a commission as
legate from Pope Celestine. He was then master in church as
well as state. But his disagreeable appearance and manners,
his pride, his contempt for everything English made him detested.
His progresses through the country with a train of a
thousand knights were ruinous to those on whom devolved the
burden of entertaining him. Even John seemed preferable to
him. John returned to England in 1191; he and his adherents
were immediately involved in disputes with William, who was
always worsted. At last (June 1191) Geoffrey, archbishop of
York and William’s earliest benefactor, was violently arrested
by William’s subordinates on landing at Dover. They exceeded
their orders, which were to prevent the archbishop from entering
England until he had sworn fealty to Richard. But this outrage
was made a pretext for a general rising against William, whose
legatine commission had now expired, and whose power was
balanced by the presence of the archbishop of Rouen, Walter
Coutances, with a commission from the king, William shut
himself up in the Tower, but he was forced to surrender his
castles and expelled from the kingdom. In 1193 he joined
Richard in Germany, and Richard seems to have attributed
the settlement soon after concluded between himself and the
emperor, to his “dearest chancellor.” For the rest of the reign
Longchamp was employed in confidential and diplomatic missions
by Richard all over the continent, in Germany, in France
and at Rome. He died in January 1197. His loyalty to Richard
was unswerving, and it was no doubt through his unscrupulous
devotion to the royal interest that he incurred the hatred of
Richard’s English subjects.
Authorities.—Benedictus, Gesta Henrici, vol. ii.; Giraldus Cambrensis, De Vita Galfridi; Stubbs’ Preface to Roger of Hoveden, vol. iii.; L. Bovine-Champeaux, Notice sur Guillaume de Longchamp (Évreux, 1885).
LONGCLOTH, a plain cotton cloth originally made in comparatively long pieces. The name was applied particularly to cloth made in India. Longcloth, which is now commonly bleached, comprehends a number of various qualities. It is heavier than cambric, and finer than medium or Mexican. As it is used principally for underclothing and shirts, most of the longcloth sold in Great Britain passes through the hands of the shirt and underclothing manufacturers, who sell to the shopkeepers, though there is still a considerable if decreasing retail trade in piece-goods. The lower kinds of longcloth, which are made from American cotton, correspond in quality to the better kinds of “shirting” made for the East, but the best longcloths are made from Egyptian cotton, and are fine and fairly costly goods.
LONG EATON, an urban district in the Ilkeston parliamentary
division of Derbyshire, England, 10 m. E.S.E. of Derby, on
the Midland railway. Pop. (1891) 9636; (1901) 13,045. It
lies in the open valley of the Trent, at a short distance from
the river, and near the important Trent Junction on the Midland
railway system. The church of St Lawrence has Norman
portions, and an arch and window apparently of pre-Conquest
date. The large industrial population of the town is occupied
in the manufacture of lace, which extended hither from Nottingham;
there are also railway carriage works. To the north is
the township of Sandiacre (pop. 2954), where the church has
a fine Decorated chancel.
LONGEVITY, a term applied to express either the length or the duration of life in any organism, but, as cases of long duration excite most interest, frequently used to denote a relatively unusual prolongation of life. There is no reason to suppose that protoplasm, the living material of organisms, has a necessarily limited duration of life, provided that the conditions proper to it are maintained, and it has been argued that since every living organism comes into existence as a piece of the protoplasm of a pre-existing living organism, protoplasm is potentially immortal. Living organisms exist, however, as particles or communities of particles of protoplasm (see Life), and as such have a limited duration of life. Longevity, as E. Ray Lankester pointed out in 1869, for practical purposes must be understood
