citizens but his own army, and gave him the lever that he desired to enforce the dissolution of parliament, while at the same time enabling him to break up as a matter affecting discipline, the political camarillas that had formed in his own regiments. He was now master of the situation, and though he protested his adherence to republican principles, it was a matter of common knowledge that the new parliament, which Monk was imposing on the remnant of the old, would have a strong Royalist colour. Monk himself was now in communication with Charles II., whose Declaration of Breda was based on Monk’s recommendations. The new parliament met on the 25th of April, and on the 1st of May voted the restoration of the monarchy.
With the Restoration the historic interest of Monk’s career ceases. Soldier as he was, he had played the difficult game of diplomacy with incomparable skill, and had won it without firing a shot. That he was victor sine sanguine, as the preamble of his patent of nobility stated, was felt by every one to be the greatest service of all. He was made gentleman of the bedchamber, knight of the Garter, master of the horse and commander-in-chief, raised to the peerage with the titles of Baron Monk, earl of Torrington and duke of Albemarle, and had a pension of £7000 a year allotted to him. As long as the army existed of which he was the idol, and of which the last service was to suppress Venner’s revolt, he was a person not to be displeased. But he entirely concurred in its disbandment, and only the regiment of which he was colonel, the Coldstream (Guards), survives to represent the army of the Civil Wars. In 1664 he had charge of the admiralty when James, duke of York, was in command of the fleet, and when in 1665 London was deserted on account of the plague, Monk, with all the readiness of a man accustomed to obey without thinking of risk, remained in charge of the government of the city. Once more, at the end of this year, he was called upon to fight, having a joint commission with Prince Rupert against the Dutch. The whole burden of the preparations fell upon him. On the 23rd of April 1666 the admirals joined the fleet, and on the 1st of June began the great four days' battle, in which Monk showed not only all his old coolness and skill, but also a reckless daring which had seemed hitherto foreign to his character. Later in the same year he maintained order in the city of London during the Great Fire. His last service was in 1667, when the Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames, and Monk, though ill, hastened to Chatham to oppose their farther progress. From that time he lived much in privacy, and died of dropsy on the 3rd of January 1670, “like a Roman general with all his officers about him.” The dukedom became extinct on the death of his son Christopher, 2nd duke of Albemarle (1653–1688).
See the Life of Monk, by Dr Gumble, his chaplain (London, 1671), and the memoir and bibliography by C. H. Firth in the Dict. Nat. Biogr.
MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784–1856), English divine and classical scholar, was born at Buntingford, Herts. He was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1809 was elected professor of Greek in succession to Porson. The establishment of the classical tripos was in great measure due to his efforts. In 1822 he was appointed dean of Peterborough; in 1830, bishop of Gloucester (with which the see of Bristol was amalgamated in 1836). He is best known as the author of a Life of Bentley (1830) and as the editor (with C. J. Blomfield) of Porson’s Adversaria (1812).
MONK, MARIA (c. 1817–1850), an adventuress and impostor, who, coming to New York in 1835, claimed to have escaped from the Montreal nunnery of the Hotel Dieu, concerning which, and the practices prevalent there, she circulated sensational charges in Awful Disclosures by Maria Monk (1836). Over 200,000 copies of this book and a sequel were sold, and a violent anti-Catholic agitation resulted. She was finally exposed as a woman of bad character, and her story proved to be absolutely false, but not until she had deceived many people of good standing.
MONK (O. Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Mönch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adapted from Gr. μοναχός, one living alone, a solitary; μόνος, alone), a member of a community of men living a life under vows of religious observance; the term is properly confined to a member of a Christian community, but is sometimes applied to members of Buddhist and Mahommedan religious brotherhoods. The Greek and Latin name was first used of the hermits, but was early widened to embrace the coenobites. The term “monk” should not be used either of “friars” or of “canons regular.” (See Monasticism.)
MONKEY, a term apparently applicable to all members of the order Primates (q.v.) except man and perhaps the larger apes. In zoology it may be used in this wider sense, as inclusive of all the Primates except man and lemurs; but it may also be employed in a more restricted application, so as to denote all ordinary “monkeys” as distinct from baboons on the one hand and the tail-less man-like apes on the other. The word appears in English first in the 16th century. The Low-German version of Reynard the Fox (Reinke de Vos, 1479) calls the son of Martin, the ape, Moneke; and the French version has Monnekin, Monnequin; these are apparently Teutonic diminutives of a word for ape which occurs in several Romanic languages, e.g. Fr. monne, It. monna, &c.
MONKHOUSE, WILLIAM COSMO (1840–1901), English poet and critic, was born in London on the 18th of March 1840. His father, Cyril John Monkhouse, was a solicitor; his mother’s maiden name was Delafosse. He was educated at St Paul’s School, quitting it at seventeen to enter the board of trade as a junior supplementary clerk, from which grade he rose eventually to be the assistant-secretary to the finance department of the office. In 1870–1871 he visited South America in connexion with the hospital accommodation for seamen at Valparaiso and other ports; and he served on different departmental committees, notably that of 1894–1896 on the Mercantile Marine Fund. He was twice married: first, to Laura, daughter of James Keymer of Dartford; and, secondly, to Leonora Eliza, daughter of Commander Blount, R.N. He died in London on the 20th of July 1901. Cosmo Monkhouse was one of those who have not only a vocation, but an avocation. His first bias was to poetry, and in 1865 he issued A Dream of Idleness and Other Poems, a collection strongly coloured by his admiration for Wordsworth and Tennyson. It was marked by exceptional maturity, and scarcely received the recognition it deserved. Owing perhaps to this circumstance, it was not till 1890 that he put forth Corn and Poppies, a collection which contains at least one memorable effort in the well-known “Dead March.” Five years later appeared a limited edition of the striking ballad of The Christ upon the Hill, illustrated with etchings by Mr William Strang. After. his death his poetical output was completed by Pasiteles the Elder and other Poems (including The Christ upon the Hill). In 1868 Monkhouse essayed a novel, A Question of Honour. Then, after preluding with a Life of Turner in the “Great Artists Series” (1879), he devoted himself almost exclusively to art criticism. Besides many contributions to the Academy, the Saturday Review, the Magazine of Art and other periodicals, he published volumes on The Italian Pre-Raphaelites (1887), The Earlier English Water-Colour Painters (1890 and 1897), In the National Gallery (1895) and British Contemporary Artists (1899). He was a contributor to the Dict. Nat. Biog. from the beginning. Monkhouse also wrote an excellent Memoir of Leigh Hunt in the “Great Writers Series” (1887). As an art critic Monkhouse’s judgments were highly valued; and he had the rare gift of differing without offending, while he invariably secured respect for his honesty and ability. As a poet, his ambition was so wide and his devotion to the art so thorough, that it is difficult not to regret the slender bulk of his legacy to posterity.
MONKSWELL, ROBERT PORRETT COLLIER, 1st Baron (1817–1886), English judge, was born at Plymouth, on the 21st of June 1817, and was the son of a prominent merchant of Quaker extraction. He was educated at Oxford, was called to the bar in 1843, and went the western circuit. He obtained a high reputation by his successful defence of Brazilian pirates in 1845;
