L’Atlas marocain (Paris, 1898); A. Brives, “Contribution à l’étude géologique de l’Atlas marocain,” Bull. Soc. Geol. France (Oct. 1905).
Ethnology.—Budgett Meakin, The Moors (London, 1902; a minute account of manners and customs); James G. Jackson, An Account of the Empire of Morocco (London, 1809; the authoritative description for a century); Georg Höst, Efterretninger om Marokos og Fes (a work still of great value; Copenhagen, 1779); Thomas Pellow, Captivity and Adventures, 1736 (ed. Dr Robert Brown, London, 1890; one of the best and most intimate narratives of the European slaves); Count Sternburg, The Barbarians of Morocco (London, 1908).
Language.—Rev: José Lerchundi, Rudimentos del árabe . . . demarruecos (Tangier, 1891) and Vocabulario español arabigo (Tangier, 1892); Eng. trans. of the former by J. MacIver MacLeod (Tangier, 1900; most useful, but dealing chiefly with the corrupt colloquial speech of the Tangier-Tetuan district); Budgett Meakin, An Introduction to the Arabic of Morocco (Tangier, 1900; vocabulary, grammar, notes, phrases, &c., for pocket use, in Roman characters); Miss C. Baldwin, Morocco-Arabic Dialogues (Tangier, 1892; uniform with the last-named, but in Arabic characters).
Maps.—The most trustworthy general maps are R. de Flotte de Roquevaire, Carte du Maroc (scale 1:1,000,000) 4 sheets, ed. 1908; the French War Office maps (scale 1:500,000, begun 1906, scale 1:100,000, begun 1909), and the British War Office map (scale 1:1,000,000) 4 sheets, 1904. There are numerous district maps. The Dyé Mission published fifteen. (B. M.*; K. A. M.*)
MORÓN DE LA FRONTERA, or Morón (anc. Arumi), a town of southern Spain, in the province of Seville; 32 m. S.E. of the city of Seville. Pop. (1900) 14,190. Morón occupies an irregular site upon broken chalk hillocks near the right bank of the Guadaira. It is connected by rail with Utrera on the Cadiz & Seville line. On the highest elevation to
the eastward are the ruins of the ancient castle, of considerable
importance during the Moorish period, when Morón, as its full
name implies, was a frontier fortress; the castle was afterwards
used as a palace by the counts of Urena. In 1810–1811 it was
fortified by the French, but blown up by them in the following
year. The chief public building of Morón is the large parish
church, which dates from the 16th century. Morón is also
famous throughout Spain for its marble and its chalk (cal de
Morón), from which the whitewash extensively used in the Peninsula is derived.
MORONE, GIOVANNI (1509–1580), Italian cardinal, was born on the 25th of January 1509 at Milan, where his father, Count Ieronimo Morone (d. 1529), was grand chancellor. His father, who had been imprisoned for opposing encroachments on the liberties of Milan by Charles V. (Whom he afterwards cordially supported), removed to Modena, where his youngest son had most of his early education. Proceeding to Padua
he studied jurisprudence with distinction. In return for important
service rendered by his father, he was in 1527 nominated
by Clement VIII. to the see of Modena, and consecrated in
1533 after a contest. From 1535 he was constantly entrusted
by Paul III. with diplomatic missions; he was nuncio (1536)
to Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and legate to the diet of
Spires (1542) having successfully resisted the transfer of the
diet to Hagenau on account of the plague (1540). On the
31st of May 1542 he was created cardinal, and was further
nominated protector of England, Hungary, Austria, of several
religious orders, and of the santa casa at Loreto. With the
cardinals Paul Parisio and Reginald Pole he was deputed to
open the Council of Trent (Nov. 1, 1542), the place of meeting
having been a concession to his diplomacy. The legates arrived
on the 22nd of November, but no council assembled. The death
of Paul III. (1549) deprived him of a good friend. The views of
the Reformers had spread in his diocese, and he was suspected
of temporizing with them. He resigned his see (1550) in favour
of the Dominican Egidio Foscherari, reserving to himself an
annual pension and the patronage of livings. Julius III., at
the instance of the duke of Milan, gave him (1553) the rich see
of Novara (which he resigned in 1560 for the see of Albano)
and sent him as nuncio to the diet of Augsburg (1555), from
which he was immediately recalled by the death of Julius
(March 23). In June 1557 Paul IV. imprisoned him in the
castle of St Angelo (with others, including Pole, and Foscherari),
on suspicion of Lutheran heresy. The prosecution entirely
failed, and Morone might have had his liberty. but refused to
leave prison unless Paul IV. publicly acknowledged his innocence.
He remained incarcerated till the pope’s death (Aug. 18,
1559), and took part in the election of Pius IV. Ochino, in
the twenty-eighth of his Dialogi XXX., 1563 has a colloquy
on the treatment of heretics, between Pius IV. and Morone,
in which the latter maintains: “Errantes in viam revocandi,
non occidendi.” This really hits the position of Morone, a
sincere Catholic, to whom persecution was abhorrent. He
presided at the Tridentine Council from the 10th of April
to the 4th of December 1563, and endeavoured to exercise a
conciliatory influence. At the end of 1564 Foscherari died,
and Morone was reinstated in the see of Modena. On the
death of Pius IV. (1565) he came near to being elected pope.
His last days were easy; he died at Rome on the 1st of December
1580, and was buried at S. Maria sopra Minerva. His writings
comprise a few letters and orations. His career is that of a good
man, struggling for the welfare of his Church against corruptions
not essential to the system to which he was devoted.
See J. G. Frick, “De Joanne Morono,” in J. G. Schelhorn’s Amoenitates literariae, vol. xii. (1730); “G. Moroni,” Dizionario di erudizione (1847); N. Bernabei, Vita del cardinale G. Moroni (1885); M. Young, Life and Times of Aonio Paleario (1860); C. Benrath, in Hauck’s Realencyklopädie (1903). (A. Go.*)
MORONI, GIAMBATTISTA (c. 1510–1578), Italian portrait-painter
of the Venetian school, was born at Albino near Bergamo
about 1510 (or perhaps a few years later), and became a pupil
of Bonvicino named Il Moretto. Beyond the record of his works
very few particulars regarding him have reached us. Titian,
under whom also Moroni, while still very young, is said to have
studied (but this appears hardly probable), had at any rate a
high opinion of his powers; he said that Moroni made his portraits
“living” or “actual” (veri). In truthful and animated
portraiture Moroni ranks near Titian himself. His portraits
do not indeed attain to a majestic monumental character;
but they are, full of straightforward life and individuality, with
genuine unforced choice of attitude, and excellent texture and
arrangement of draperies. There is a certain tendency to a
violet-tint in the flesh, and the drawing and action of the hands
are not first-rate. The earliest inscribed date discovered
for any of his works is 1553. As leading samples may be mentioned—in
the Uffizi Gallery, Florence the “Nobleman pointing
to a Flame,” inscribed “Et quid volo nisi ut ardeat ?”; in the
National Gallery, London, the portraits of a Tailor, a member
of the Fenaroli family, Canon Ludovico de’ Terzi, and others;
in the Berlin Gallery, his own portrait; and in Stafford House,
the seated half-figure of the Jesuit Ercole Tasso, currently
termed “Titian’s Schoolmaster”—not as indicating any real
connexion between the sitter and Titian, but only the consummate
excellence of the work. Besides his portraits, Moroni
painted, from youth to his latest days, the ordinary round
of sacred compositions; but in these he falls below his master
Il Moretto. One of the best is the “Coronation of the Virgin,” in
S. Alessandro della Croce, Bergamo; also in the cathedral of
Verona, “SS Peter and Paul,” and in the Brera of Milan,
the “Assumption of the Virgin.” Moroni was engaged upon
a, “Last Judgment,” in the church of Corlago, when he died
on the 5th of February 1578.
(W. M. R.)
MOROSINI, a noble Venetian family, probably of Hungarian extraction, which gave many doges, statesmen, generals and admirals to the Venetian Republic, and cardinals to the Church. It first became prominent at the time of the emperor Otho II. owing to its rivalry with the Caloprini family, whom it succeeded in subjugating by the end of the 10th century. Domenico Morosini (d. 1156), elected doge in 1148, waged war with success against the Dalmatian corsairs, recapturing Pola and other Istrian towns from them. Marino Morosini (d. 1252) was elected doge in 1249; Michele was doge from June 1382, until his death in October of the same year.
Andrea Morosini (1558–1618) was a famous historian and was entrusted by the Venetian senate with the task of continuing Paolo Paruta’s Annali Veneti, in Latin. His history of Venice was published by his brother in 1623 (Venice), and translated into
