organisms, are nevertheless, as our historic survey showed, the first
which attract attention; and these homoplastic or homomorphic
forms, as Haeckel has shown, come as fairly within the province
of the promorphologist as do isomorphic crystals within that of
his an-organological colleague the crystallographer. Here, too,
would be considered “radial,” “vertical,” “lateral” homology,
“homotypy of antimeres,” and all questions of symmetry, for which
Haeckel’s nomenclature of homaxonial, homopolic, &c., is distinctly
preferable. Entering the field of tectology or morphology in the
ordinary sense, we may next consider whether two organisms compared
are of the same category of individuality—are homacategoric;
and under this serial homology, for instance, would come as a
minor division, the correspondence between the units or parts of
units of a linear dyad-deme or triad. From a third point of view,
that of the embryologist, we trace the development of each multicellular
organism (1) from the embryonic layers and systems into
which the secondary unit (gastrula or plant embryo) differentiates,
(2) from a unit-deme or unit of the inferior order or orders of
individuality. The parts and units thus recognized by ontogenetic
research, respectively or successively homodermic, homosystemic
and homodemic, may then conveniently be termed (indifferently
save for considerations of priority) either “specially homologous,”
“homogeneous,” “homophylic,” or “homogenetic,” in the language
of phylogenetic theory. These three great classes of morphological
correspondence—promorphological, tectological and embryological—may
or may not coincide. But the completest homology, in
which all forms of resemblance unite and from which they differentiate,
is that expressed in the cell theory, or rather in that ovum
theory which underlies it, and which Agassiz therefore not unjustly
regarded as “the greatest discovery in the natural sciences of modern
times.”
Orientation and Subdivisions of Morphology.—The position of morphology in the classification of the sciences and the proper mode of subdividing it cannot be discussed within these limits, although the latter is especially the subject of much disagreement. The position above assumed, that of including under morphology the whole statical aspects of the organic world, is that of Haeckel, Spencer, Huxley and most recent animal morphologists; botanists frequently, however, still use the term under its earlier and more limited significance (see Plants: Morphology). (P. Ge.; P. C. M.)
MORPHY, PAUL CHARLES (1837–1884), American chess
player, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on the 22nd of June
1837, the son of Alonzo Morphy (1798–1856) and his wife, whose
maiden name was Le Carpentier. The father, the son of a wellto-do
Spanish immigrant, was a prominent jurist and legislator
and, like his brother Ernest, passionately fond of chess. Learning
the moves from his father at the age of ten, Paul gave evidence
of such extraordinary precocity that in less than two years he
was able to defeat all the amateurs of his native city. While
still at school he competed successfully with such strong players
as Eugene Rousseau and the Hungarian master J. Löwenthal.
He attended the Jesuit college of St Joseph at Spring Hill,
Alabama, and applied himself to the study of the law, being
admitted to the bar of Louisiana in 1858. During the autumn
of 1857 he took part in the first American chess congress at New
York, winning the first prize from sixteen competitors, including
the well-known L. Paulsen. Morphy went to Europe in the
spring of 1858 and entered upon a series of triumphs, both in
regular matches and in blindfold play, that proved him to be
one of the best players of the time. The winter of 1858–1859
was passed in Paris, where he was destined to gain his greatest
triumphs, practically winning the championship of the world by
beating Adolf Anderssen, champion of Germany, by a score
of 7–2, with two games drawn. Another feat was his simultaneous
blindfold match against eight strong French players,
six of whom he defeated. At this time he was in his twenty-second
year. Returning to the United States in 1859, he intended
to establish himself in the practice of the law at New
Orleans, but the outbreak of the Civil War frustrated these
plans. His devotion to chess had already begun to affect his
health. He spent the year 1863 in Paris, returning to New
Orleans in 1864, but his health was now permanently impaired.
He became insane, and at last he died in New Orleans in 1884.
See Exploits and Triumphs of Paul Morphy, by F. M. Edge (New York, 1859); Morphy’s Games, edited by J. Löwenthal (New York, 1860); Paul Morphy, by Max Lange (Leipzig, 1881).
MORRILL, JUSTIN SMITH (1810–1898), American political leader and financier, was born at Strafford, Vermont, on the 14th of April 1810. He was a clerk in a store at Strafford in 1825- 1828, and at Portland, Maine, in 1828-1831, and was a merchant and then a farmer in his native town in 1831–1855. He was elected to the national house of representatives as an anti-slavery Whig in 1854, soon afterwards joining the new Republican party, and served in the house from 1855 until 1867. From 1867 until his death in Washington on the 28th of December 1898 he represented Vermont in the Senate. In the house he was continuously a member of the ways and means committee (of which he was chairman in 1865–1867), and in the Senate of the finance committee (of which he was chairman in 1877–1879, 1881–1893 and 1893–1898). Soon after entering Congress he became the acknowledged leader of the protectionists, and at the request of John Sherman, then chairman of the ways and means committee, he prepared a new tariff bill, which was introduced in the house in March 1860. To this relatively conservative bill, which substituted in many instances ad valorem for specific duties, and was intended by its author to be a revenue as well as a protective measure, were added many amendments which made the bill more strongly protectionist, and in some cases were vigorously opposed by Morrill. The bill was finally passed by the Senate on the 20th of February 1861, and was signed by President Buchanan on the 2nd of March following. Morrill is probably best known as the author of the Land Grant Act of 1862, which led to the development of the highly important system of state educational institutions, aided by the Federal government. On the 14th of December 1857, Morrill introduced in the house a bill “donating public lands to the several states and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts.” This bill passed both houses, but was vetoed in February 1859 by President Buchanan on the ground that it would cause friction between the states, that it would be uneconomical, that it might encourage fraudulent speculation, that it would injure existing institutions, and that it was unconstitutional. A similar bill was introduced by Morrill on the 16th of December 1861, and five months afterwards was presented to the Senate by Benjamin Wade of Ohio. The measure had a negative report from committee in the house, and was strongly opposed in the Senate; but it passed both branches, and on the 2nd of July 1862 was signed by President Lincoln. This measure provided for the foundation and maintenance of colleges “where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics [which had not been included in the original bill], to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. . . in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” In 1890 Morrill introduced in the Senate the so-called “Second Morrill Act,” under which $25,000 is given annually by the Federal government to each of the “land-grant” colleges.
MORRIS [Morrison], CLARA (1849–), American actress, was born in Toronto, Ontario, and at the age of seventeen joined a stock company in Cleveland, Ohio. Her first New York appearance (1870) was under Augustin Daly in an adaptation of Wilkie Collins’s Man and Wife; and she won considerable success as Cora in L’Article 47, Camille, Miss Multon and similar emotional parts. In 1874 she married Frederick C. Harriott, and soon afterwards began to write novels and to contribute to
magazines. She published her Life on the Stage in 1901, and Life of a Star in 1906.
MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816), American statesman, was born in the old Morrisania manor house, in what is now the city of New York, on the 31st of January 1752. He graduated at King’s College (now Columbia University) in 1768, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1771. New York, then in the midst of the political disturbances which preceded the outbreak of the War of American Independence, offered a good opportunity for a public career, and Morris had the aristocratic Connexions which tradition required.[1] An extreme aristocrat
- ↑ His great grandfather, Richard Morris, having fought in Cromwell’s armies, emigrated to America on the restoration of Charles II., and founded the manor of Morrisania, in what was then New Netherland. His grandfather, Lewis Morris (1671–1746), inherited this
