hundreds of farmers. Much crown land still remains unoccupied,
and is sold by the provincial government on easy terms to bona fide
settlers.
Forests.—Its great forests, through which flow numerous rivers with excellent harbours at or near their mouths, have long made New Brunswick a centre of lumbering. This industry has affected the whole development of the province, and the wilder and more unsettled life of its woodsmen contrasts with that of the farmer of Ontario or of the west. The most valuable and most widely-spread tree is the black spruce (Abies nigra), from which is made a yearly increasing quantity of wood-pulp for paper-making. The hemlock (Abies Canadensis), the cedar, birch, beech, oak, ash and many other valuable trees, are also widely spread. The chief ports for shipping are St John, at the mouth of the St John river, and Chatham, at the mouth of the Miramichi.
Though much remains, much has been destroyed by forest fires. To this day traces may be seen of the fire which in 1825 utterly destroyed hundreds of square miles of timber along the river Miramichi.
The same forests are also a paradise for sportsmen. The game laws are being made increasingly strict, and the province draws a large revenue from the sale of licences, extra fees being imposed on sportsmen from other countries. Moose (Cervus alces), caribou and deer may only be shot during about two months in the autumn, and the number allowed to each gun is strictly limited. In 1902 the provincial government set aside a large area of the highlands at the sources of the Tobique, Nipisiquit and Miramichi rivers for a national park and game preserve.
Mines and Fisheries.—The mineral wealth of the province is small, though gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc and plumbago have been worked on a small scale at various times. Coal seams are numerous, but are worked solely for local consumption. Albertite, a species of coal found in Albert county and giving a very hot flame, is now exhausted. Limestone and gypsum are extensively quarried near St John and in Albert county.
The fisheries, on the other hand, are extensive, though less so than those of Nova Scotia. This industry centres in the counties of Charlotte and Gloucester, herring, salmon, lobsters, sardines and cod forming the chief catch. The Restigouche and other rivers near the northern border are much frequented by anglers in search of trout and salmon.
Manufactures.—The chief manufactures, apart from the shipping of St John, are connected with lumbering and with agriculture. The making of paper pulp and of furniture is growing steadily in importance. Co-operation in the manufacture of butter and cheese has produced excellent results, and numerous cheese and butter factories are scattered through the province. In no sense, however, does New Brunswick play an important part in the manufactures of the Dominion.
Communications.—The rivers are still the main arteries of the province. The roads, though improving, are as a rule bad. The main railway system has since 1876 been that of the Intercolonial, owned and operated by the federal government, by which the province is linked to Nova Scotia on the E. and to the rest of Canada on the W. The Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk Pacific also run through the province, and by the Canadian Pacific and the Maine Central it has communication with the United States. Various lines of steamers run, chiefly from St John, to American and other Canadian ports.
History.—Until 1784 New Brunswick formed part, first of the French province of Acadia, later of the British province of Nova Scotia. The first settlement within its borders was made in 1604 by Pierre de Guast, sieur de Monts, with whom was Samuel de Champlain. Their colony at the mouth of the St Croix river was soon abandoned, but throughout the French régime the district was frequented by bands of fur-traders. In 1762 the first English settlement was made at Maugerville on the St John river, and in 1764 a body of Scottish farmers and labourers took up land along the Miramichi. On the 18th of May 1783 a band of American loyalists settled at the mouth of the St John. Thousands more followed, and in 1784 New Brunswick was declared a separate province. At first governed by a representative assembly and an irresponsible council, it obtained responsible government in 1847–1848, after a constitutional struggle in which no little ability was shown. In 1867 it entered without reluctance but without enthusiasm into the Canadian Federation. Its economic and educational history, both more important than its political, have been indicated in earlier parts of this article. (For the boundary dispute, see Maine.)
Bibliography.—Sir J. W. Dawson, Acadian Geology (edition of 1891), is the most easily accessible work on the geology of the province. Numerous studies have been published, chiefly by the Geological Survey of Canada, by L. W. Bailey, R. W. Ells, A. P. Low, and G. F. Matthew. Valuable papers on various provincial subjects have been published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada by W. F. Ganong. The provincial government issues a yearly volume of sessional papers; Acadiensis, a magazine published in St John, should also be consulted. The earliest account of New Brunswick is given by Nicholas Denys, Description géographique (published Paris, 1672; republished by W. F. Ganong with notes and introduction, 1908); there is no good modern history; R. Montgomery Martin, History of New Brunswick (1837); G. E. Fenety, Political Notes (1867); James Hannay, History of Acadia (1879), and Lives of Wilmot and Tilley (1907) may be consulted. (W. L. G.)
NEW BRUNSWICK, a city and the county-seat of Middlesex
county, New Jersey, U.S.A., on the Raritan river, at the terminus
of the Delaware & Raritan canal, about 23 m. S.W. of Newark.
Pop. (1890) 18,603, (1900), 20,006, of whom 3526 were foreign-born
and 755 were negroes; (1910 census) 23,388. It is
served by the Pennsylvania and the Raritan River railways,
and by daily steamboats to New York. There is a fine stone
bridge across the Raritan. In the city are the Wells Memorial
Hospital, St Peter’s General Hospital, a Carnegie library, a
Federal building and a Soldiers’ Monument. New Brunswick
is the seat of the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church
in America, the oldest theological school in the United States,
founded in 1784 in New York City, situated at Flatbush, Long
Island, in 1796–1810, and removed to New Brunswick in 1810,
and of Rutgers College (originally Dutch Reformed, now nonsectarian),
which was founded in 1766 as Queen’s College, was
rechartered in 1770 as a college for “the education of youth in
the learned languages, liberal and useful arts and sciences and
especially in divinity,” was first opened for instruction in 1770,
was closed during 1795–1807 and 1816–1825, and was renamed
in 1825 in honour of Colonel Henry Rutgers (1745–1830), of
New York City, a liberal benefactor. The college embraces two
schools: the classical school and the scientific school, which in
1864, in pursuance of the Morrill Act of 1862, was constituted
by the state legislature as the state college for the benefit of
agriculture and the mechanic arts; a preparatory school is also
controlled by its trustees. An agricultural experiment station
is maintained in connexion with the college. In 1908–1909
there were 306 students. In 1908 the library of Rutgers College
contained 57,000 volumes, and that of the Theological Seminary
48,000 volumes. The city has a variety of manufactures, and
the total value of factory products in 1905 was $8,916,983, 54%
more than in 1900.
A settlement was made here in 1681, and for a time the place was known as Prigmore’s Swamp; later, after John Inian had established a ferry across the river, it was called Inian’s Ferry; the present name was adopted in honour of the house of Brunswick. New Brunswick received a city charter from the royal governor in 1730, and was chartered as a city by the state legislature in 1784. During the War of Independence, General Washington and his army entered New Brunswick on the 28th of November 1776, but on the approach of the enemy evacuated it, and from the 3rd of December 1776 to the 13th of April 1777 it was occupied by the British under Lord Howe. Cornelius Vanderbilt was for several years the proprietor of the Bellona Hotel of New Brunswick, now a tenement house.
NEWBURGH, or Newburg, a city of Orange county, New York, U.S.A., on the W. bank of the Hudson river, about 57 m. N. of New York City. Pop. (1890) 23,087, (1900) 24,943, of whom 4346 were foreign-born and 558 negroes; (1910, census) 27,805. It is served by the Erie, the West Shore, and—by ferries across the Hudson—the Central New England and the New York Central & Hudson River railways. Across Newburgh Bay, as the expansion of the Hudson at this point is called, is the village of Fishkill, and an electric line connects with the village of Walden (pop. in 1910, 4004), about 12 m. N.W., which has various manufactures, the most important being pocket-knives. The city occupies a commanding position on terraces rising abruptly from the river, and on the flat plateau above, whence a view may be obtained of the Catskill Mountains to the N.W., of the Highlands of the Hudson to the S. and of the Hudson river for many miles in both directions. Orange Lake, between Newburgh and Walden, is known for its ice
