14,720, of whom 4425 were foreign-born and 777 negroes; (1910 census) 28,867. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, and by electric railways to New York City and neighbouring places. The city is primarily a residential suburb of New York City, and has some fine colonial residences, and several beautiful residential parks, notably Rochelle, Neptune, and Beechmont Parks. Its large foreign-born population is comparatively recent and comparatively isolated. Among the prominent buildings of the city are a public library, the high school, a theatre (owned by the Knights of Columbus), a Masonic Temple, the City Bank and several churches, of which the most notable, perhaps, are the Baptist, Methodist, and St Gabriel’s (Roman Catholic), which is the gift of members of the Iselin family, to whose interest in yachting is due in part the prominence of the New Rochelle and Larchmont Yacht Clubs. The Ursuline College of St Angela (1904) and the Merrill School (1906), both for girls, are in New Rochelle. The principal building of the first is Leland Castle, built in 1858–1860 by Simon Leland and finely decorated with frescoes and coloured marbles. A People’s Forum, growing out of the work of the People’s Institute of New York City, was established here in 1903–1904. In the road between New Rochelle and White Plains is the monument to Thomas Paine, provided for in his will, on the farm which was confiscated from a Tory by the state and was given to him at the end of the American War of Independence. On the Sound, in Hudson Park, is a monument commemorating the landing-place of the first Huguenot settlers. Immediately S. of New Rochelle, in the Sound, is Glen Island, an amusement resort; belonging to the Glen Island group, E. of Pelham Manor, is Travers Island, with the out-of-town clubhouse and grounds of the New York Athletic Club. On David’s Island, 112 m. S.W. of New Rochelle, is Fort Slocum, a United States Army post. The suburban Villages of Larchmont and Pelham (and Pelham Manor) lie respectively N.E. and W. of New Rochelle. The important industries are the manufacture of scales and of other instruments of precision, and printing and publishing—the Knickerbocker Press of G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, is here. The site of New Rochelle is part of a purchase by Thomas Pell in 1654 and of a grant to him by Richard Nicolls in 1666; it was sold in 1689 to Jacob Leisler. The first settlement of importance was made in 1688 by Huguenots, some of whom were natives of La Rochelle. New Rochelle was incorporated as a village in 1847, and as a city in 1899.
See R. and C. W. Bolton, History of the Several Towns, Manors and Patents of Westchester County (New York, 1881), and J. Thomas Scharf’s History of Westchester County (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1886).
NEW ROSS, a market-town of Co. Wexford, Ireland, on the acclivity of a hill on the E. bank of the Barrow, 2 m. below its junction with the Nore, 102 m. S.S.W. of Dublin by the Dublin & South-Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 5847. The Barrow is crossed by an iron bridge with a swivel pillar in the centre on which a portion of the bridge is turned to admit the passage of vessels. Vessels of 600 tons can lie alongside the quays. The inland water communications reach to Dublin by means of the Barrow and the Grand Canal. The Nore is navigable to Inistioge. New Ross has breweries and tan-yards, a salmon fishery, and a brisk export trade in agricultural produce. The urban district of New Ross includes Rosbercon, on the opposite side of the Barrow.
It is stated that St Alban built the abbey of Rossmactreoin, which gave rise to an ancient city formerly called Rossglas. A Dominican foundation of the 13th century has left some remains in Rosbercon. According to Camden, New Ross was founded by Isabella, daughter of Strongbow and wife of William Marshal, afterwards earl of Pembroke. A charter was granted to it by Roger Bigod in the reign of Edward I., which was extended by James I. and James II. From 1374 it returned two members to parliament, but at the Union in 1800 the number was reduced to one, and the town ceased to be a parliamentary borough in 1885. In 1269 it was surrounded by walls. The fortresses were dismantled by Cromwell, but some remains are extant.
NEWRY, a seaport, market town and parliamentary borough
(returning one member) of Co. Down, Ireland, on the Newry
water and Newry canal at the extreme head of Carlingford Lough.
Pop. (1901) 12,405. It is 73 m. N. of Dublin by the Great
Northern railway. A railway owned by the London & North-Western
company connects Newry with the deep-water harbour
at Greenore; and there is an electric railway to Bessbrook
in Co. Armagh. The western part, called Ballybot, is connected
with the eastern part, or old town, by four bridges over
the canal and four over the tidal water. The situation of the
town is striking, the Newry Mountains and Slieve Gullion on
the west, and the Mourne Mountains on the east, enclosing the
narrow valley in which it lies. Newry is one of the most
important ports of the province of Ulster, and in connexion with
several sub-ports farther down the river is the outlet for the
trade of a very extensive district. The port admits vessels
of 2000 tons to Victoria Docks, 3 m. from the town, but vessels
drawing 15 ft. can go up the ship canal to the Albert Basin, 3 m.
from the sea. The principal exports are grain, eggs, cattle, linen
cloth and flax, and the imports include timber, groceries and coal.
In the neighbourhood granite of a fine quality is quarried, and
the town possesses rope and sail works, breweries, distilleries,
flour-mills and tanneries. It is governed by an urban district
council. In 1175 an abbey was founded here by Maurice
M‘Loughlin, king of Ireland. The abbey was converted in 1543
into a collegiate church for secular priests, and was dissolved by
Edward VI., who granted it to Sir Nicholas Bagenal, marshal of
Ireland. Bagenal made it his private residence, and laid the
foundations of its prosperity. In 1689 Newry was set on fire by
the duke of Berwick when in retreat before Schomberg. Charters
were granted to the town by James I. and James II. By the
charter of James I. it sent two members to parliament, but at the
Union in 1800 it was restricted to one member. Until 1898 a
portion of Newry was situated in Co. Armagh. A mile N.E. of
the town is a notable rath or enclosure, taking its name of
Crown rath from traditional single encounters between native
princes in contention for the sovereignty.
NEW SIBERIA ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands situated
off the Arctic coast of Siberia, from 73° to 76° 6′ N., and 135° 20′
to 148° E. The name is loosely applied, covering either the
northern group only of these islands, for which the name of New
Siberia Archipelago, or of Anjou Islands, ought properly to be
reserved, or the southern group as well, which ought to maintain
its name of Lyakhov Islands. Some confusion prevails also as
to whether the islands Bennett, Henrietta and Jeannette, discovered
by the “Jeannette” expedition, ought to be included in
the same archipelago, or described separately as the Jeannette
Islands. The first of these three belongs geographically, and
probably geologically, to New Siberia Archipelago, from which
it is only 97 m. distant. As to Henrietta and Jeannette Islands,
situated 200 m. N.E. of New Siberia Island, in 157° to 159° E.,
they can hardly be included in the New Siberia Archipelago.
There seems, moreover, to be land due north of Kotelnyi Island
in 78° N., first sighted by Sannikov and described as Sannikov
Land. It was also seen by Baron Toll.
The New Siberia or Anjou Islands consist, beginning from the west, of Kotelnyi, the largest (116 m. long, 100 m. wide), having the small island Byelkovskiy near its western shore; Thaddeus (Faddéevskiy), in the middle; and New Siberia (Novaya Sibir), in the east (90 m. long, 40 m. wide). Kotelnyi is the highest and most massive of the four, reaching a maximum altitude of 1200 ft. in the Malakatyn-tras mountain. Its north-east portion consists of Upper Silurian coral limestones (Llandovery division), containing a rich fossil fauna and representing a series of folds running north-north-west. The same Silurian deposits are widely spread on the mainland as far as Olenek. The western portion of Kotelnyi is built up of Middle Devonian limestones and slates, folded the same way, of which the fossil fauna is similar to that of the Urals. Triassic slates appear in the south-east. Diabases pierce to Devonian rocks, and olivine rocks appear as dykes amidst the Triassic deposits. The Malakatyntras is also made up of volcanic rocks. The eastern portion of the island, named Bunge’s Land, is thickly covered with Post-Tertiary deposits. Thaddeus Island has a long promontory, Anjou, protruding north-westwards. New Siberia Island attains altitudes of 200 to 300 ft. in its western portion. A range of hills, composed of Tertiary deposits, and named Hedenström’s Mountains, runs along its south-western coast, and the same rocks form a promontory protruding northwards. The so-called Wood Mountains, which
