utmost magnificence has been made, is liberally supported both by public and private munificence. The ethnographical, paleontological and archaeological material gathered within its walls is immense in extent and superbly displayed. The museum of the New York botanical garden in Bronx Park is a worthy rival to the museums at Kew. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences combines with collections illustrative of the arts excellent collections of natural history, many of which are classic.
The United States National Museum at Washington, under the control of the Smithsonian Institution, of which it is a department, has been made the repository for many years past of the scientific and artistic collections coming into the possession of the government. The growth of the material entrusted to its keeping has, more particularly in recent years, been enormous, and the, collections have wholly outgrown the space provided in the original building, built for it during the incumbency of Professor Spencer F. Baird as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The congress of the United States has in recent years made provision for the erection of a new building upon the Mall in Washington, to which the natural history collections are ultimately to be transferred, the old buildings to be retained for the display of collections illustrating the progress of the arts, until replaced by a building of better construction for the same purpose. The United States National Museum has published a great deal, and has become one of the most important agencies for the diffusion of scientific knowledge in the country. It is liberally supported by the government, and makes use of the scientific men connected with all the various departments of activity under government control as agents for research. The collections of the United States Geological Survey, as well as many of the more important scientific collections made by the Department of Agriculture, are deposited here.
As the result of the great Columbian international exposition, which took place in 1893, a movement originated in the city of Chicago, where the exposition was held, to form a permanent collection of large proportions. The great building in which the international exposition of the fine arts was displayed was preserved as the temporary home for the new museum. Marshall Field contributed $1,000,000 to the furtherance of the enterprise, and in his honour the institution was called “The Field Columbian Museum.” The growth of this institution was very rapid, and Mr. Field, at his death, in 1906, bequeathed to the museum $8,000,000, half to be applied to the erection of a new building, the other half to constitute an endowment fund, in addition to the revenues derived from the endowment already existing. The city of Chicago provides liberally for the support of the museum, the name of which, in the spring of 1906, was changed to “The Field Museum of Natural History.” The city of St Louis has taken steps, as the result of the international exposition of 1904, to emulate the example of Chicago, and the St Louis Public Museum was founded under hopeful auspices in 1905.
Probably the most magnificent foundation for the advancement of science and art in America which has as yet been created is the Carnegie Institute in the city of Pittsburg. The Carnegie Institute is a complex of institutions, consisting of a museum of art, a museum of science, and a school for the education of youth in the elements of technology. Affiliated with the museums of art and science, and under the same roof, is the Central Free Library of Pittsburg. The buildings erected for the accommodation of the institute, at the entrance to Schenley Park, cost $8,000,000, and Mr Andrew Carnegie provided liberally for the endowment of the museums of art and science and the technical school, leaving to the city of Pittsburg the maintenance of the general library. The natural history collections contained in the museum of science, although the institution was only founded in 1896, are large and important, and are particularly rich in mineralogy, geology, paleontology, botany and zoology. The entomological collections are among the most important in the new world. The conchological collections are vast, and the paleontological collections are among the most important in America. The great Bayet collection is the largest and most complete collection representing European paleontology in America. The Carnegie Museum contains natural history collections aggregating over 1,500,000 specimens, which cost approximately £125,000, and these are growing rapidly. The ethnological collections, particularly those illustrating the Indians of the plains, and the archaeological collections, representing the cultures more particularly of Costa Rica and of Colombia, are large.
In connexion with almost all the American colleges and universities there are museums of more or less importance. The Bernice Pauahi Bishop museum at Honolulu is an institution established by private munificence, which is doing excellent work in the field of Polynesian ethnology and zoology.
Other American Countries.—The national museum in the city of Mexico has in recent years been receiving intelligent encouragement and support both from the government and by private individuals, and is coming to be an institution of much importance. National museums have been established at the capitals of most of the Central American and South American states. Some of them represent considerable progress, but most of them are in a somewhat languishing condition. Notable exceptions are the national museum in Rio de Janeiro, the Museu Paraense (Museu Goeldi), at Pará, the Museu Paulista at São Paulo, and the national museum in Buenos Aires. The latter institution is particularly rich in paleontological collections. There is an excellent museum at Valparaiso in Chile, which in recent years has been doing good work. (W. J. H.)
MUSGRAVE, SAMUEL (1732–1780), English classical scholar and physician, was born at Washfield, in Devonshire, on the 29th of September 1732. Educated at Oxford and elected to a Radcliffe travelling fellowship, he spent several years abroad. In 1766 he settled at Exeter, but not meeting with professional success removed to Plymouth. He ruined his
prospects, however, by the publication of a pamphlet in the
form of an address to the people of Devonshire, in which he
accused certain members of the English ministry of having been
bribed by the French government to conclude the peace of 1763,
and declared that the Chevalier d’Eon de Beaumont, French
minister plenipotentiary to England, had in his possession
documents which would prove the truth of his assertion. De
Beaumont repudiated all knowledge of any such transaction
and of Musgrave himself, and the House of Commons in 1770
decided that the charge was unsubstantiated. Thus discredited,
Musgrave gained a precarious living in London by his pen until
his death, in reduced circumstances, on the 5th of July 1780.
He wrote several medical works, now forgotten; and his edition
of Euripides (1778) was a considerable advance on that of Joshua
Barnes.
See W. Munk, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians, ii. (1878).
MUSH, the chief town of a sanjak of the same name of the
Bitlis vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, and an important military
station. It is situated at the mouth of a gorge in the mountains
on the south side of the plain, the surrounding hills being covered
with vineyards and some oak scrub. There are few good houses;
the streets are ill-paved and winding, while the place and its
surroundings are extremely dirty. The castle, of which there
are some remains, is said to have been built by Mushig, an
Armenian king of the province Daron, who founded the town.
A khan, with two stone lions (Arab or Seljuk) in bas-relief,
deserves notice, but the bazaar is poor, although pretty
embroidered caps are produced. Good roads lead to Erzerum
and Bitlis. There are 1400 inhabitants, consisting of Kurds
and Armenians, about equally divided. The climate is healthy
but cold in winter, with a heavy snow fall. Mush is the seat
of the Gregorian and Roman Catholic Armenian bishops and
some American mission schools. Some miles to the west at
the edge of the plain is the celebrated monastery of Surp
Garabed or St John the Baptist, an important place of Armenian pilgrimage.
Mush plain, 35 m. long by 12 broad, is very fertile, growing wheat and tobacco, and is dotted with many thriving Armenian villages. The Murad or eastern Euphrates traverses the western end of the plain and disappears into a narrow mountain gorge there. Vineyards are numerous and a fair wine is produced.
