but has a late Norman doorway, and contains a carved and painted pulpit, and in the Kirkham chapel several interesting monuments of the Kirkham family, and a beautiful though damaged stone screen. Among other buildings and institutions are a novitiate of Marist Fathers, a science and art school, a pier with pavilion and concert rooms, and a yacht club. Little remains of an old palace of the bishops of Exeter apart from the 14th-century Bible Tower. Its last tenant was Bishop Miles Coverdale, who in 1535 published the first English translation of the whole Bible. The town owes its popularity to a firm expanse of sand, good bathing facilities, and a temperate climate.
PAIL, a bucket, a vessel for carrying water, milk or other
liquids, made of wood or metal or other material, varying in
size, and usually of a circular shape and somewhat wider at the
top than the bottom. The word is of somewhat obscure origin.
The present form points to the O. Eng. paegel, but the sense, that
of a small wine-measure, a gill, is difficult to connect with the
present one. The earlier forms of the word in Mid. Eng. spell the
word payle, paille, and this rather points to a connexion with
O. Fr. paelle, payelle, a small pan or flat dish, from Lat. patella,
diminutive of patera, dish. The sense here also presents difficulties,
“pail” in English being always a deep vessel.
PAILLERON, ÉDOUARD JULES HENRI (1834–1899), French
poet and dramatist, was born in Paris on the 17th of September 1834. He was educated for the bar, but after pleading a single case he entered the first dragoon regiment and served for two
years. With the artist J. A. Beaucé he travelled for some time
in northern Africa, and soon after his return to Paris in 1860 he
produced a volume of satires, Les Parasites, and a one-act piece,
Le Parasite, which was represented at the Odéon. He married
in 1862 the daughter of François Buloz, thus obtaining a share
in the proprietorship of the Revue des deux mondes. In 1869
he produced at the Gymnase theatre Les Faux menages, a fouract
comedy depending for its interest on the pathetic devotion
of the Magdalene of the story. L’Étincelle (1879), a brilliant
one-act comedy, secured another success, and in 1881 with
Le Monde où l’on s’ennuie Pailleron produced one of the most
strikingly successful pieces of the period. The play ridiculed
contemporary academic society, and was filled with transparent
allusions to well-known people. None of his subsequent efforts
achieved so great a success. Pailleron was elected to the French
Academy in 1882, and died on the 20th of April 1899.
PAIMPOL, a fishing port of western France, in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, 2712 m. N.N.W. of St Brieuc by road. Pop. (1906), 2340. Paimpol is well known for its association with the Icelandic cod-fisheries, for which it annually equips a large fleet. Steam sawing and boat-building are carried on; grain, &c., is exported; imports include coal and timber. A tribunal of commerce and a school of navigation are among the public institutions.
PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. ποίνη, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine), a term used loosely (1) for the psychological
state, which may be generally described as “unpleasantness,”
arising, e.g. from the contemplation of a catastrophe or of
moral turpitude, and (2) for physical (or psycho-physical) suffering,
a specific sensation localized in a particular part of the body.
The term is used in both senses as the opposite of “pleasure,”
though it is doubtful whether the antithesis between physical
and psychical pleasure can be equally well attested. The
investigation of the pleasure-pain phenomena of consciousness
has taken a prominent place in psychological and ethical speculation,
the terms “hedonics” and “algedonics” ἀλγηδίον, pain
of body or mind) being coined to express different aspects of
the subject. So in aesthetics attempts have been made to assign
to pain a specific psychological function as tending to increase
pleasure by contrast (so Fechner): pain, e.g. is a necessary element
in the tragic. Scientists have experimented elaborately
with a view to the precise localization of pain-sensations, and
“pain-maps” can be drawn showing the exact situation of
what are known as “pain-spots.” For such experiments
instruments known as “aesthesiometers” and “algometers”
have been devised. The great variety of painful sensations—throbbing,
dull, acute, intermittent, stabbing—led to the
conclusion among earlier investigators that pains differ in quality.
It is, however, generally agreed that all pain is qualitatively
the same, though subject to temporal and intensive modification.
(See Psychology; Aesthetics; Nervous System; Sympathetic System.)
PAIN, BARRY (1867–), English humorous writer, was
educated at Cambridge, and became a prominent contributor to
The Granta. James Payn inserted his story, “The Hundred
Gates,” in the Cornhill Magazine in 1889, and shortly afterwards
he became a contributor to Punch and the Speaker, and joined
the staffs of the Daily Chronicle and Black and White. His works
include: In a Canadian Canoe (1891); papers reprinted from The
Granta; Playthings and Parodies (1892); The Kindness of the
Celestial (1894); The Octave of Claudius (1897); Eliza (1900);
Another English Woman’s Love Letters (1901), &c. As a writer
of parody and lightly humorous stories his name has become
widely known.
PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814), American politician,
a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Boston,
Massachusetts, on the 11th of March 1731. He graduated at
Harvard in 1749, and was admitted to the bar in 1759. In 1768
he was a delegate to the provincial convention which was called
to meet in Boston, and conducted the prosecution of Captain
Thomas Preston and his men for their share in the famous
“Boston Massacre” of the 5th of March 1770. He served in the
Massachusetts General Court in 1773–1774, in the Provincial
Congress in 1774–1775, and in the Continental Congress in 1774–1778,
and was speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
in 1777, a member of the executive council in 1779, a
member of the committee which drafted the constitution of
1780, attorney-general of the state from 1777 to 1790, and a
judge of the state supreme court from 1790 to 1804. He died
in Boston on the 11th of May 1814.
See John Sanderson, Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, 1823), vol. ii.
His son, Robert Treat Paine (1773–1811), who was christened Thomas but in 1801 took the name of his father and of an elder brother who died without issue in 1794, was a poet of some repute, but his verses have long been forgotten. His best known productions are Adams and Liberty, a once popular song written in 1798, The Invention of Letters (1795), and The Ruling Passion, the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa poem of 1797.
His Works in Verse and Prose (Boston, 1812) contains a biographical sketch.
PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809), English author, was born at Thetford, Norfolk, on the 29th of January 1737, the son of a Quaker staymaker. After several years at sea and after trying various occupations on land, Paine took up his father’s trade in London, where he supplemented his meagre grammar school education by attending science lectures. He succeeded in 1762 in gaining an appointment in the excise, but was discharged for neglect of duty in 1765. Three years later, however, he received another appointment, at Lewes in Sussex. He took a vigorous
share in the debates of a local Whig club, and in 1772 he
wrote a pamphlet embodying the grievances of excisemen and
supporting their demands for an increase of pay. In 1774 he
was dismissed the service for absence without leave—in order
to escape his creditors.
A meeting with Benjamin Franklin in London was the turning point in his life. Franklin provided him with letters to his son-in-law, Richard Bache, and many of the leaders in the colonies resistance to the mother country, then at an acute stage. Paine sailed for America in 1774. Bache introduced him to Robert Aitkin, whose Pennsylvania Magazine he helped found and, edited for eighteen months. On the 9th of January 1776 Paine published a pamphlet entitled Common Sense, a telling array of arguments for separation and for the establishment of a republic. His argument was that independence was the only consistent line to pursue, that “it must come to that some time or other”; that it would only be more difficult the more it was delayed, and that independence was the surest road to union. Written
