first observed by Balser, has been termed “fat-necrosis.” The pancreas like other organs, is subject to the occurrence of new growths, tumours and cysts, syphilis and tuberculosis.
PANDA (Aelurus fulgens), a carnivorous mammal of the family Procyonidae (see Carnivora). This animal, rather larger than a cat, ranges from the eastern Himalaya to north-west China. In the former area it is found at heights of from 7000 to 12,000 ft. above the sea, among rocks and trees, and chiefly feeds on fruits and other vegetable substances. Its fur is of a remarkably rich reddish-brown colour, darker below; the face is white, with the exception of a vertical stripe of red from just above the eye to the gape; there are several pale rings on the tail, the tip of which is black.
PANDARUS, in Greek legend, son of Lycaon, a Lycian, one of the heroes of the Trojan war. He is not an important figure
in Homer. He breaks the truce between the Trojans and the
Greeks by treacherously wounding Menelaus with an arrow, and
finally he is slain by Diomedes (Homer, Iliad, ii. 827, iv. 88,
v. 290). In medieval romance he became a prominent figure
in the tale of Troilus and Cressida. He encouraged the amour
between the Trojan prince and his niece Cressida; and the word
“pander” has passed into modern language as the common
title of a lovers’ go-between in the worst sense.
PANDECTS (Lat. pandecta, adapted from Gr. πανδέκτης, all containing), a name given to a compendium or digest of Roman law compiled by order of the emperor Justinian in the 6th century (A.D. 530–533). The pandects were divided into fifty books, each book containing several titles, divided into laws, and the laws into several parts or paragraphs. The number of
jurists from whose works extracts were made is thirty-nine, but the writings of Ulpian and Paulus make up quite half the work. The work was declared to be the sole source of non statute
law: commentaries on the compilation were forbidden,
or even the citing of the original works of the jurists for the
explaining of ambiguities in the text. See Justinian; and
Roman Law.
PANDERMA (Gr. Panormus), a town of Asia Minor, on the south shore of the Sea of Marmora, near the site of Cyzicus.
It has a trade in cereals, cotton, opium, valonia and boracite
and is connected by a carriage road with Balikisri. Pop. 10,000
(7000 Moslems).
PANDHARPUR, a town of British India, in Sholapur district of Bombay, on the right bank of the river Bhima, 38 m. W. of Sholapur town. Pop. (1901), 32,405. Pandharpur is the most popular place of pilgrimage in the Deccan, its celebrated temple being dedicated to Vithoba, a form of Vishnu. Three assemblages are held annually. In 1906 a light railway was opened to Pandharpur from Barsi Road on the Great Indian Peninsula railway.
PANDORA (the “All-giving”) in Greek mythology, according to Hesiod (Theog. 570–612) the first woman. After Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon mortals Zeus determined to counteract this blessing. He accordingly commissioned Hephaestus to fashion a woman out of earth, upon whom the gods bestowed their choicest gifts. Hephaestus gave her a human voice, Aphrodite beauty and powers of seduction, Hermes cunning and the art of flattery. Zeus gave her a jar (πίθος), the so-called “Pandora’s box” (see below), containing all kinds of misery and evil, and sent her, thus equipped, to Epimetheus, who, forgetting the warning of his brother
Prometheus to accept no present from Zeus, made her, his wife.
Pandora afterwards opened the jar, from which all manner of evils flew out over the earth (for parallels in other countries, see Frazer’s Pausanias, ii. 320). Hope alone remained at the bottom, the lid having been shut down before she escaped. (Hesiod, W. and D. 54–105). According to a later story, the jar contained, not evils, but blessings, which would have been preserved for the human race, had they not been lost through the opening of the jar out of curiosity by man himself (Babrius, Fab. 58).
See J. E. Harrison, “Pandora’s Box,” in Journal of Hellenic Studies, xx. (1900), in which the opening of the jar is explained as an etiological myth based on the Athenian festival of the Pithoigia (part of the Anthesteria, q.v.), and P. Gardner, “A new Pandora vase” (xxi., ibid., 1901). Pandora is only another form of the Earth goddess, who is conceived as releasing evil spirits from the πίθος, which served the purpose of a grave (cf. the removal of the lapis manalis from the mundus, a circular pit at Rome supposed to be the opening to the world below, on three days in the year, whereby an opportunity of revisiting earth was afforded the dead). See also O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythlogie (1906), i. 94.
PANDUA, a ruined city in Malda district of Eastern Bengal and Assam, once a Mahommedan capital. It is situated 7 m. N.E. of Malda, and about 20 m. from the other great ruined city of Gaur (q.v.), from which it was largely built. It was probably originally an outpost of Gaur, and grew in importance as Gaur became unhealthy. In A.D. 1353 Haji Shamsuddin Ilyas, the first independent king of Bengal, transferred his capital from Gaur to Pandua; but the time of its prosperity was short, and in A.D. 1453 the capital was transferred back to Gaur. Its only celebrated building is the Adina Mosque, which was described by James Fergusson as the finest example of Pathan architecture in existence. This great mosque was built by Sikandar Shah in 1369 (see Indian Architecture). Pandua now, like Gaur, is almost entirely given over to the jungle.
PANDULPH [Pandolfo] (d. 1226), Roman ecclesiastical
politician, papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich, was born in Rome, and first came to England in 1211, when he was commissioned by Innocent III. to negotiate with King John. Obtaining no satisfactory concessions, he is said to have produced the papal sentence of excommunication in the very presence of the king. In May 1213 he again visited England to receive the king’s submission. The ceremony took place at Dover, and on the following day John, of his own motion,
formally surrendered England to the representative of Rome
to receive it again as a papal fief. Pandulph repaid this act of
humility by using every means to avert the threatened French
invasion of England. For nearly a year he was superseded
by the cardinal-legate Nicholas of Tusculum; but returning
in 1215 was present at the conference of Runnymede, when
the great charter was signed. He rendered valuable aid to
John who rewarded him with the see of Norwich. The arrival
of the cardinal-legate Gualo (1216) relegated Pandulph to a
secondary position; but after Gualo’s departure (1218) he came
forward once more. As representing the pope he claimed a
control over Hubert de Burgh and the other ministers of the
young Henry III.; and his correspondence shows that he interfered
in every department of the administration. His arrogance
was tolerated while the regency was still in need of papal assistance;
but in 1221 Hubert de Burgh and the primate Stephen
Langton successfully moved the pope to recall Pandulph and
to send no other legate a latere in his place. Pandulph retained
the see of Norwich, but from this time drops out of English
politics. He died in Rome on the 16th of September 1226 but
his body was taken to Norwich for burial.
See W. Shirley, Royal and Other Historical Letters (“Rolls series”) vol. i.; Miss K. Norgate, John Lackland {1902); W. Stubbs, Constitutional History (1897) vol. i.
PANDURA (tanboura, tanbur, tambora, mandore, pandore, bandora, bandoer, &c.), an ancient oriental stringed instrument, a member of the lute family, having a long neck, a highly-vaulted back, and originally two or three strings plucked by the fingers. There were in antiquity at least two distinct varieties of pandura, or tanbur. (1) The more or less pear-shaped type used in Assyria and Persia and introduced by way of Asia Minor into Greece, whence it passed to the Roman Empire. In this type the body, when the graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck were replaced by a more sloping outline, approximated to an elongated triangle with the corners rounded off. (2) The oval type, a favourite instrument of the Egyptians, also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa, who introduced it into Spain. Our definite knowledge of the pandura is derived from the treatise on music by Fārābī,[1] the Arab scholar who flourished
- ↑ See Michael Casiri, Bibl. Arab. Hisp., i. 347.
