official . . . de la exp. al Rio Negro (under General Roca, 1879,
Buenos Aires, 1882); Giacomo Bove, Patagonia, Terra del Fuoco
(Genoa, 1883); La Region central de las tierras magallanicas
(Santiago, 1886); H. Steffen in Petermanns Mitteilungen, xl. (1894);
Espedicion exploradora del Rio Palena (Santiago, 1895); “The
Patagonian Cordillera” in Geographical Journal (1900); R. Hauthal,
in Globus (1897–1898); and Roth, Wherti and Burckhardt in Revista
museo de la Plata, ix. (1898}; O. Nordenskiold, “A Journey in Southwestern
Patagonia” in Geog. Journal, x. (London, 1897); H.
Hesketh Prichard, Through the Heart of Patagonia (London, 1902);
Sir T. H. Holdich, “The Patagonian Andes,” in Geog. Journ. xxiii.
(1904); F. P. Outes, La Edad de la Piedra en Patagonia (Buenos Aires,
1905); Reports (1903 seq.) of Princeton University expedition to
Patagonia.
PATAN (＝“city”), the name of two historic cities in India. One of these, known as Anhilwada Patan, was the capital of the
last Hindu dynasty of Gujarat, sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni
and finally destroyed by the Mahommedans in 1298. Near
its ruins, which are not considerable, has sprung up a modern
town, in the state of Baroda (pop. 31,402), which contains many
Jain temples (with palm-leaf MSS.) and has manufactures of
fine cotton and silk textiles. The other Patan, known as Lalita
Patan, was the capital of one of the three Newar kingdoms in the
valley of Nepal, conquered by the Gurkhas at the end of the 18th
century. It is situated close to Katmandu, on the opposite
bank of the river Baghmati. The population is estimated at
about 30,000, mostly Newars, who are Buddhists; and the buildings
consist mainly of old Buddhist shrines and monasteries.
PATARA, an ancient town of Asia Minor, on the Lycian coast, 3 m. E. of the mouth of the Xanthus river (mod. Eshen Chai). It was noted from early times for its temple and oracle of Apollo, and, as the port of Xanthus and other towns of the same valley, had a large trade, and was regarded as the metropolis of Lycia. Enlarged by Ptolemy Philadelphus I. and renamed for a time
Arsinoe, it was adorned by Vespasian with baths. St Paul
changed there into a “ship of Phoenicia” on his way to Jerusalem
in A.D. 60. Patara was the reputed birth-place of St Nicholas.
The principal extant monuments are a triple triumphal arch, with
inscription, through which ran the road to Xanthus, and the
walls, discernible on either hand of it; the theatre, 265 ft. in
diameter, built in A.D. 145 (as attested by an inscription) and
wonderfully well preserved, though largely filled with drift sand;
and the thermae built by Vespasian north of the harbour.
PATARENES, or Patarelli, a name apparently first used in Milan about 1058 to denote the extreme opponents of clerical marriages. The party was so called because, under the leadership of Arialdus, a deacon of Milan, its members used to assemble in the Pataria or ragmen’s quarter of that city (pates being a provincial word for a rag). In the 13th century the name was appropriated by the Cathari, who said it came from pati (to suffer), because they endured hardship for their faith. See
Bogomils.
PATAS MONKEY, a West African species of the guenon
monkeys (see Guenon), characterized by its large size, the
foxy-red colour of the upper parts, blue face and white belly.
Scientifically it is known as Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas,
and typifies a section of its genus of which the other representative
is the East African nisnas (C. [E.] pyrrhonotus). See
Primates.
PATAVIUM (mod. Padova, Eng. Padua, q.v.), an ancient city
of Venetia, Italy, 55 m. E. of Verona by road. Its central
position gave it great importance. One road led from it south-west
to Ateste, Hostilia (where the Po was crossed) and Bononia;
another east-north-east to Altinum and Concordia. It was
accessible by canals from the sea, a distance of about 30 m. The
old town (40 ft. above sea-level) lay and lies on a peninsula
surrounded by the Bacchiglione except on the south, where it
was protected by a canal. Of the bridges which cross the canals
by which Padua is now intersected, four go back to Roman times.
Remains of a public building, possibly belonging to the forum,
were found in the centre of the modern city in making the foundations
of the Caffe Pedrocchi at the south-west angle of Piazza
Cavour—possibly a colonnade of fine Corinthian architecture
(see P. Selvatico, Relazione dello Scavo . . . su la Piazzetta
Pedrocchi. A large mosaic with geometric designs was also
recently discovered in the centre of the city. In imperial times
the town spread even farther, as is shown by the position outside
the town of the amphitheatre, built of blocks of local stone with
brick courses, which was excavated in 1881 (G. Ghirardini in
Notizie degli Scavi, 1881, 225). It measures 325 by 205 ft., and
is the only Roman building of which visible remains exist. A so-called
“paletta” (a bronze plate with a handle—possibly a bell
or a votive axe or a simple pendant) with a figure of a horse on
one side and a votive inscription on the other, belonging to the
5th or 4th century B.C., was found in 1899 at a great depth close
to the church of S. Antonio (G. Ghirardini in Notizie degli Scavi,
1901, 314). The name of the town is probably connected with
Padus (Po). According to the legend it was founded by the
Trojan Antenor. The memory of the defeat of the Spartan king
Cleonymus by the fleet of Patavium in 302 B.C. was perpetuated
by Spartan spoils in the temple of Juno and a yearly sea-fight
which took place on the river. On land Patavium was equally
powerful (it had been able, we are told, to put 120,000 men into
the field), and perpetually made war against its Celtic neighbours.
Patavium acquired Roman citizenship with the rest of Gallia
Transpadana in 49 B.C. Under Augustus, Strabo tells us,
Patavium surpassed all the cities of the north in wealth, and in
the number of Roman knights among its citizens in the census of
Augustus was only equalled by Gades, which had also 500.
Its commercial importance was also great, being especially due to its trade in wool. The numerous inscriptions, however, as Th. Mommsen remarks (Corp. inscr. latin, v. 268), show remarkable dignity and simplicity and avoidance of pomposity; to this Pliny the younger and Martial testify. The importance of Patavium as a literary centre was also considerable. Livy, Q. Asconius Pedianus and Thrasea Paetus were natives of the town; and Quintilian speaks of the directness and simplicity of their diction as Patavinitas, comparing it with the artificial obscurity of the writers of Rome itself.
After the 2nd century A.D. it is hardly mentioned, and seems to have been outstripped by other cities, such as Milan and Aquileia. It was destroyed by the Lombards with fire and sword, and it was then that it lost practically all its monuments of the Roman period. (T. As.)
PATEL, FRAMJEE NASARWANJEE (1804–1894), Parsee
merchant and philanthropist, was born in 1804, and had a sound vernacular education, with a smattering of English received in Bombay. At the age of fifteen he entered upon a business career, and its pursuit proved so congenial that by 1827 he had worked his way to a partnership in the firm of Frith, Bomanjee & Co. Banking facilities being then exceedingly scanty, such Parsees as had any capital at command acted as bankers and brokers to the rising English firms. Patel’s experience enabled him in a few years to raise the status of his compatriots to the higher level of independent merchants, and he founded in 1844 a business house under the name of Wallace & Co., in which he was himself a partner with the English members of the firm. When he retired in 1858 he had amassed a large competence, and in the following year he established a firm on the same lines under the style of Framjee, Sands & Co., of which the members were some of his sons, together with English partners. It was, however, not so much for his success as a merchant, as for his spirit and liberality as an educationist, reformer and philanthropist, that his name is notable in the annals of western India. He entered on his civic labours in 1837, and in all public movements figured prominently as an accredited representative of his community. As a pioneer of education, both for boys and girls, his example inspired the younger men of his time, like Dadabhai Naoroji, at one time M.P. for East Finsbury, and Naoroji Fardoonjee and Sorabjee Shapurjee Bengallee. When Mountstuart Elphinstone, during his governorship, conceived the idea of concentrating the literary and educational activity which had arisen from isolated efforts on the part of men who had themselves been brought into contact with Western culture, among his chief collaborators were Framjee Cowasjee Banajee and Framjee Patel. To their initiative was due the establishment of the Elphinstone Institution, which comprised a high school and, after some years,
