during its long life. The next of any note was the Republijk der
Geleerden (1710–1748). The English Spectator was imitated by
J. van Effen in his Misanthrope (1711–1712), written in French,
and in the Hollandsche Spectator (1731–1735), in Dutch. An important
serial was the long-lived Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen
(1761). The Algemeene Kunst en Letterbode (1788) was long the
leading review of Holland, in 1860 it was joined to the Nederlandsch
Spectator (1855). Of those founded in the 19th century may be
mentioned the Recensent (1803), and Nieuwe Recensent; the Nederlandsch
Museum (1835); the Tijdstroom (1857); the Tijdspiegel, a
literary journal of Protestant tendency; the Theologisch Tijdschrift
(1867), the organ of the Leiden school of theology; and the Dietsche
Warande, a Roman Catholic review devoted to the national antiquities.
Colonial interests have been cared for by the Tijdschrift
voor nederlandsch Indie (1848). Current periodicals are Hollandsche
revue, monthly; De Gids (1837), monthly; De nieuwe Gids (1886),
monthly; De Architect, bi-monthly; Caecilia (for music); Tijdschrift
voor Strafrecht; Museum, for philology (1893), monthly; Tijdschrift
voor nederlandsche taal en letterkunde; Nederlandsch Archievenblad;
De Paleograaf; Elseviers geïllustreerd Maandschrift, monthly; Groot
Nederland, monthly.
Denmark
Early in the 18th century Denmark had the Nye Tidender (1720), continued down to 1836 under the name of Danskliteraturtidende. The Minerva (1785) of Rahbek was carried on to 1819, and the Skandinavisk Museum (1798–1803) was revived by the Litteratur-Selskabs Skrifter (1805). These were followed by the Laerde Efterretninger (1799–1810), afterwards styled Litteratur-Tidende (1811–1836), the Athene (1813–1817), and Historisk Tidsskrift (1840). In more modern times appeared Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik (1832–1842, 1843); Maanedsskrift for Litteratur (1829–1838); Nord og Syd (1848–1849) of Goldschmidt, succeeded by Ude og Hjemme, and the Dansk Maanedsskrift (1858) of Steenstrup, with signed historical and literary articles. One of the most noteworthy Scandinavian periodicals has been the Nordisk Universitets Tidsskrift (1854–1864), a bond of union between the universities of Christiania, Upsala, Lund and Copenhagen. Current periodicals are: Studier fra Sprog- og Oldtidsforskning (1891), quarterly; Danske Magazin, yearly; Nyt Tidsskrift for Mathematik, monthly; Theologisk Tidsskrift, monthly; Nationalökonomisk Tidsskrift, bi-monthly; Dansk bogfortegnelse, bi-monthly for bibliography; Athenaeum finsk; Tilskueren, monthly; Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (archaeology) quarterly.
Iceland has had the Islenzk Sagnablöd (1817–1826), Ný Fjelagsrit (1841–1873), and Gefn (1870–1873). Skirnir (1831), which absorbed in 1905 Timarit hins islenska Bokmentafélags (1880–1904), is still published.
Norway
The first trace of the serial form of publication to be found in Norway is in the Ugentlige korte Afhandlinger (1760–1761), “Weekly Short Treatises,” of Bishop Fr. Nannestad, consisting of moral and theological essays. The Maanedlige Afhandlinger (1762), “Monthly Treatises,” was supported by several writers and devoted chiefly to rural economy. These two were followed by Politik og Historie (1807–1810); Saga (1816–1820), a quarterly review edited by J. S. Munch; Den norske Tilskuer (1817–1821), a miscellany brought out at Bergen; Hermoder (1821–1827), a weekly aesthetic journal; Iduna, (1822–1823), of the same kind but of less value; Vidar (1832–1834), a weekly scientific and literary review; Nor (1840–1846), of the same type; Norsk Tidsskrift for Videnskab og Litteratur (1847–1855); Illustreret Nyhedsblad (1851–1866), “Illustrated News”; Norsk Maanedsskrift (1856–1860), “Monthly Review for Norway,” devoted to history and philology, and Norden (1866), a literary and scientific renew. Popular serials date from the Skilling Magazin (1835), which first introduced wood-engraving. Representative current periodicals are: Samtiden, monthly; Elektroteknisk tidsskrift; nordisk musik-revue, fortnightly; Naturen; Norsk havetidende, monthly; Urd; Norvegia.
Sweden
The Swenska Argus (1733–1734) of Olof Dalin is the first contribution of Sweden to periodical literature. The next were the Tidningar om den Lärdas Arbeten (1742) and the Lärda Tidningar. The patriotic journalist C. C. Gjörwell established about twenty literary periodicals of which the most important was the Swenska Mercurius (1755–1789). Atterbom and some fellow-students founded about 1810 a society for the deliverance of the country from French pedantry, which with this end carried on a periodical entitled Phosphoros (1810–1813), to propagate the opinions of Schlegel and Schelling. The Svensk Literatur-Tidning (1813–1825) of Palmblad and the Polyfem (1810–1812) had the same objects. Among later periodicals we may mention Skandia (1833–1837); Literaturbladet (1838–1840); Ställningar och Forhallanden (1838) of Crusenstolpe, a monthly review of Scandinavian history; Tidskrift for Litteratur (1850); Norsk Tidsskrift (1852), weekly; Forr och Nu; and the Revue suedoise (1858) of Kramer, written in French. Among the monthlies which now appear are the following: Social Tidskrift, Nordisk Tidskrift and Ord och Bild.
Spain
Spain owes her intellectual emancipation to the monk Benito Feyjóo, who in 1726 produced a volume of dissertations somewhat after the fashion of the Spectator, but on graver subjects, entitled Teatro critico, which was continued down to 1739. His Cartas eruditas (1712–1760) were also issued periodically. The earliest critical serial, the Diario de los literatos (1737–1742), kept up at the expense of Philip V., did not long survive court favour. Other periodicals which appeared in the 18th century were Mañer’s Mercurio (1738); the Diario noticioso (1758–1781); El Pensador (1762–1767) of Joseph Clavijo y Fajardo; El Belianis literario (1765), satirical in character; the Semanario erudito (1778–1791), a clumsy collection of documents; El Correo literario de la Europa (1781–1782); El Censor (1781); the valuable Memorial literario (1784–1808); El Correo literario (1786–1791), devoted to literature and science; and the special organs El Correo mercantil (1792–1798) and El Semanario de agricultura (1797–1805). In the 19th century were Variedades de ciencias, literatura, y artes (1803–1805), among whose contributors have been the distinguished names of Quintana, Moratin and Antillon; Miscelánea de comercio (1819); and Diario general de las ciencias medicas. The Spanish refugees in London published Ocios de españoles refugiados (1823–1826) and Miscelánea hispanoamericana (1824–1828), and at Paris Miscelánea escojida americana (1826). The Crónica científica y literaria (1817–1820) was afterwards transformed into a daily newspaper. Subsequently to the extinction of El Censor (1820–1823) there was nothing of any value until the Cartas españolas (1832), since known as the Revista española (1832–1836) and as the Revista de Madrid (1838). Upon the death of Ferdinand VII. periodicals had a new opening; in 1836 there were published sixteen journals devoted to science and art. The fashion of illustrated serials was introduced in the Semanario pintoresco español (1836–1857), noticeable for its biographies and descriptions of Spanish monuments. El Panorama (1839–1841) was another literary periodical with engravings. Of later date have been the Revista ibérica (1861–1863), conducted by Sanz del Rio; La America (1857–1870), specially devoted to American subjects and edited by the brothers Asquerino; Revista de Cataluña, published at Barcelona; Revista de España; Revista contemporánea; España moderna (1889), and Revista critica (1895). Current special periodicals are: Euskal-erria, revista bascongada (1880, San Sebastian); Monumenta historica societatis Jesu (1894); El Progreso matematico, afterwards Revista de matematicas puras y aplicadas (1891); Revista de bibliografia Catalano (Catalunya, Baleares, Rosselò, Valencia, 1901); La Naturaleza, fortnightly; La Energia eléctrica, fortnightly; Revista minera, weekly, Revista de medicina, weekly; Bibliografia española, fortnightly; La Lectura; España y America, monthly.
See E. Hartzenbusch, Periódicos de Madrid (1876); Lapeyre, Catalogo-tarifa de los periódicos, revistas, y ilustraciones en España (1882); Georges le Gentil, Les Revues littéraires de l’Espagne pendant la première moitié du XIXᵉ siècle (Paris, 1909).
Portugal
Portugal could long boast of only one review, the Jornal enciclopedico (1779–1806), which had many interruptions, then came the Jornal de Coimbra (1812–1820); the Panorama (1836–1857), founded by Herculano; the Revista universal lisbonense (1841–1853), established by Castilho; the Instituto (1853) of Coimbra; the Archivo pittoresco (1857) of Lisbon; and the Jornal do sociedade dos amigos das letteras. In 1868 a review called Vox femenina, and conducted by women, was established at Lisbon. Current periodicals include: O Archeologo portuguès (1895); Jornal de sciencias mathematicas et astronomicas (1877); Revista lusitana, Archivo de estudos philologicos e ethnologicos relativos á Portugal (1887); Ta-ssi-Yang-Kuo, Archivos e annaes de extremo oriente portuguez (1899); Portugal artistico, fortnightly; Revista militar; Arte musical, fortnightly; Boletim do agricultor, monthly; Archivo historico portuguez, monthly.
Greece
The periodical literature of modern Greece commences with Ὁ Λόγιος Ἑρμῆς, brought out at Vienna in 1811 by Anthimos Gazi and continued to 1821. In Aegina the Αἰγιναῖα appeared in 1831, edited by Mustoxidis; and at Corfu, in Greek, Italian and English, the Ἀνθολογία (1834). After the return of King Otho in 1833 a literary review called Ἰρις was commenced. Le Spectateur de l’Orient, in French, pleaded the national cause before Europe for three years from 1853. A military journal was published at Athens in 1855, and two years later the archaeological periodical conducted by Pittakis and Rangabes. For many years Πανδώρα (1850–1872), edited by Rangabes and Paparrigopoulos, was the leading serial. Φύρις dealt with natural science, the Γεωπονικά with agriculture, and Ἱερομνήμων with theology. Ἐθνικὸν πανεπιστήμιον (1831) and Φιλολογικὸς σύλλογος Παρνασσός (1863) appear annually, and Ἀθηνᾶ (1899) quarterly.
See A. R. Rangabé, Hist. littéraire de la Grèce moderne (Paris, 1879), R. Nicolai, Geschichte der neugriechischen Literatur (1876).
Russia
The historian Gerhard Friedrich Müller made the first attempt to establish periodical literature in Russia in his Yejem’yesyatchniya
