Protestant faith was strengthened during Edward VI.'s reign; he was appointed a royal chaplain and canon of Windsor. Soon after Mary's accession, however, he perceived the error of his ways and was made master of Peterhouse in 1554 and dean of Ely in 1557. He preached the sermon in 1556 when the bodies of Bucer and Fagius were disinterred and burnt for heresy, and also in 1560 when these proceedings were reversed and the dead heretics were rehabilitated. In Elizabeth's reign he subscribed the Thirty-nine Articles, denounced the pope and tried to convert Abbot Feckenham to Protestanism; and in 1584 Whitgift in vain recommended him for a bishopric. He died on the 26th of April 1589. He was selected as the type of Anglican prelate by the authors of the Martin Mar-prelate tracts and other Puritans, who nicknamed him “Old Andrew Turncoat,” “Andrew Ambo,” “Old Father Palinode.” Cambridge wits, it was said, translated “perno” by “I turn, I rat, I change often”; and a coat that had often been turned was said to have been “perned.” (A. F. P.)
PÉRONNE, a town of northern France, capital of an arrondissement
of the department of Somme, on the right bank of
the Somme at its confluence with the Cologne, 35 m. E. by N.
of Amiens by rail. Pop. (1906), 3698. The church of St Jean
(1509–1525) was greatly damaged during the bombardment of
1870–71, but has since been restored. The castle of Péronne
still retains four large conical-roofed towers dating from the
middle ages, one of which is said to have been the prison of
Louis XI. in 1468, when he was forced to agree to the “Treaty
of Péronne.” Péronne has a sub-prefecture, a tribunal of first
instance and a communal college. Its trade and industry are
of little importance.
The Frankish kings had a villa at Péronne, which Clovis II. gave to Erchinoaldus, mayor of the palace. The latter founded a monastery here, and raised in honour of St Fursy a collegiate church, which was a wealthy establishment until the Revolution; it is the burial-place of Charles the Simple, who died of starvation in a dungeon in Péronne, into which he had been thrown by the count of Vermandois (929). After the death of Philip of Alsace, Péronne, which he had inherited through his wife, escheated to the French Crown in the reign of Philip Augustus, from whom in 1209 it received a charter. By the treaty of Arras (1435) it was given to the Burgundians; bought back by Louis XI., it passed again into the hands of Charles the Bold in 1465. On the death of Charles, however, in 1477, Louis XI. resumed possession. In 1536 the emperor Charles V. besieged Péronne, but without success; in its defence a woman called Marie Fouré greatly distinguished herself. A statue of her stands in the town, and the anniversary of the raising of the siege is still celebrated annually. It was the first town after Paris at which the League was proclaimed in 1577. Péronne's greatest misfortunes occurred during the Franco-German War. It was invested on the 27th of December 1870, and bombarded from the 28th to the 9th of the following January, upon which date, on account of the sufferings of the civil population, among whom small-pox had broken out, it was compelled to capitulate.
PEROVSKITE, or Perofskite, a mineral consisting of calcium titanate, CaTiO3, usually with a small proportion of the calcium replaced by iron. The crystals found in schistose rocks have the form of cubes, which are sometimes modified on the edges and corners by numerous small planes; on the other hand, the crystals occurring as an accessory constituent of eruptive rocks are octahedral in form and microscopic in size. Although geometrically cubic, the crystals are always doubly refracting, and they sometimes show evidence of complex mimetic twinning; their structure as shown in polarized light is very similar to that of the mineral boracite, and they are therefore described as pseudo-cubic. There are distinct cleavages parallel to the faces of the cube. The colour varies from pale yellow to blackish-brown and the lustre is adamantine to metallic; the crystals are transparent to opaque. The index of refraction is high, the hardness 5½ and the specific gravity 4.0. The mineral was discovered at Achmatovsk near Zlatonst in the Urals by G. Rose in 1839, and named in honour of Count L. A. Perovsky; at this locality large cubes occur with calcite and magnetite in a chlorite-schist. Similar crystals are also found in talc-schist at Zermatt in Switzerland. The microscopic octahedral crystals are characteristic of melilite basalt and nepheline basalt; they have also been found in peridotite and serpentine. (L. J. S.)
PEROWNE, JOHN JAMES STEWART (1823-1904), English bishop, was born, of Huguenot ancestry, at Burdwan, Bengal, on the 13th of March 1823. He was educated at Norwich and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, becoming a fellow in 1849. After holding a chair in King's College, London, he was appointed vice-principal at St David's College, Lampeter (1862-1872). In 1868 he was Hulsean lecturer, taking as his subject Immortality. He was elected canon of Llandaff in 1869, dean of Peterborough 1878, and in 1891 succeeded Henry Philpott as bishop of Worcester. Perowne was a good Hebrew scholar of the old type and sat on the Old Testament Revision Committee. He is best remembered as the general editor of the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. His chief works were a Commentary on The Book of Psalms (2 vols., 1864-1868) and a life of Bishop Thirlwall (1877-1878). He resigned his see in 1901, and died on the 6th of November 1904.
PĒRŌZ (Peirozes, Priscus, fr. 33; Perozes, Procop. Pers. i. 3 and Agath. iv. 27; the modern form of the name is Feroz, Firuz, cf. Firuzabad), Sassanid king of Persia, A.D. 457-484, son of Yazdegerd II. He rebelled against his brother Homizd III., and in 459 defeated and killed him with the help of the Ephthalites, or White Huns, who had invaded Bactria. He also killed most of his other relatives, and persecuted the Christians. But he favoured the introduction of Nestorianism, in opposition to the orthodox creed of Byzantium. With the Romans he maintained peace, but he tried to keep down the Ephthalites, who began to conquer eastern Iran. The Romans supported him with subsidies; but all his wars were disastrous. Once he was himself taken prisoner and had to give his son Kavadh as hostage till after two years he was able to pay a heavy ransom. Then he broke the treaty again and advanced with a large army. But he lost his way in the eastern desert and perished with his whole army (484). The Ephthalites invaded and plundered Persia for two years, till at last a noble Persian from the old family of Karen, Zarmihr (or Sokhra), restored some degree of order. He raised Balash, a brother of Pērōz, to the throne. (Ed. M.)
PERPENDICULAR PERIOD, the term given by Thomas Rickman to the third period of Gothic architecture in England, in consequence of the great predominance of perpendicular lines. In the later examples of the Decorated period the omission of the circles in the tracery had led to the employment of curves of double curvature which developed into flamboyant tracery, and the introduction of the perpendicular lines was a reaction in the contrary direction. The mullions of the windows (which are sometimes of immense size, so as to give greater space for the stained glass) are carried up into the arch mould of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions. The buttresses and wall surface are likewise divided up into vertical panels. The doorways are frequently enclosed within a square head over the arch mouldings, the spandrils being fitted with qua trefoils or tracery. Inside the church the triforium disappears, or its place is filled with panelling, and greater importance is given to the clerestory windows which constitute the finest features in the churches of this period. The mouldings are flatter and less effective than those of the earlier periods, and one of the chief characteristics is the introduction of large elliptical hollows. The finest features of this period are the magnificent timber roofs, such as those of Westminster Hall (1395), Christ Church Hall, Oxford, and Crosby Hall.
The earliest examples of the Perpendicular period, dating from 1360, are found at Gloucester, where the masons of the cathedral would seem to have been far in advance of those in other towns. Among other buildings of note are the choir and tower of York Cathedral (1389-1407); the nave and western transepts of Canterbury Cathedral (1378-1411), and the tower
