Style in Public Discourse (1883) became standard textbooks, and personally he was a brilliant preacher. He married in 1842 Elizabeth Stuart (1815-1852), eldest daughter of Moses Stuart, then president of Andover, she was the author of the popular story Sunnyside (1851) and of other books. In 1854 he married her sister, who died only eighteen months later; and in 1858 he married Mary A. Johnson, of Boston.
With Professors E A Park and D. L. Furber he edited Hymns and Choirs (1860), and with Professor Park and Lowell Mason The Sabbath Hymn Book (1859). The Still Hour (1859), a summary of a series of sermons on prayer, is a devotional classic. His other works are The New Birth (1867), portraying conversion (in some instances) as a gradual change; Sabbath Hours (1874), Studies of the Old Testament (1878), Men and Books (1882), My Portfolio (1882), My Study (1885), and My Note Book (1890)
See Austin Phelps, A Memoir (New York, 1891), by his daughter, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps-Ward.
PHELPS, EDWARD JOHN (1822-1900), American lawyer
and diplomat, was born on the 11th of July 1822 at Middlebury, Vermont. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1840,
was a schoolmaster for a year in Virginia, and was admitted to
the bar in 1843. He began practice at Middlebury, but in
1845 removed to Burlington, Vermont. From 1851 to 1853 he
was second comptroller of the United States Treasury, and then
practised law in New York City until 1857, when he returned
to Burlington. Becoming a Democrat after the Whig party
had ceased to exist, he was debarred from a political career in
his own state, where his party was in the minority, but he
served in the state constitutional convention in 1870, and in
1880 was the Democratic candidate for governor of his state.
He was one of the founders of the American Bar Association,
and was its president in 1880-1881. From 1881 until his
death he was Kent Professor of Law in Yale University. He
was minister to Great Britain from 1885 to 1889, and in 1893
served as senior counsel for the United States before the
international tribunal at Paris to adjust the Bering Sea controversy.
His closing argument, requiring eleven days for its delivery,
was an exhaustive review of the case. Phelps lectured on
medical jurisprudence at the university of Vermont in 1881-1883,
and on constitutional law at Boston University in 1882-1883,
and delivered numerous addresses, among them that on
“The United States Supreme Court and the Sovereignty of
the People” at the centennial celebration of the Federal
Judiciary in 1890 and an oration at the dedication of the
Bennington Battle Monument, unveiled in 1891 at the centennial
of Vermont's admission to the Union. In politics Phelps was
always Conservative, opposing the anti-slavery movement
before 1860, the free-silver movement in 1896, when he supported
the Republican presidential ticket, and after 1898 becoming
an ardent “anti-expansionist.” He died at New Haven,
Connecticut, on the 9th of March 1900.
See the Orations and Essays of Edward John Phelps, edited by J. G. McCullough, with a Memoir by John W. Stewart (New York, 1901) ; and “Life and Public Services of the Hon. Edward J. Phelps,” by Matthew H. Buckham, in Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society (Burlington, Vt., 1901).
PHELPS, SAMUEL (1804-1878), English actor and manager, was born at Devonport on the 13th of February 1804. He was early thrown upon his own resources. and worked in various newspaper offices Shortly after his marriage in 1826 to Sarah Cooper (d 1867), he accepted a theatrical engagement in the York circuit at eighteen shillings a week, and afterwards appeared in south of England towns in prominent tragic roles, attracting sufficient attention to be spoken of as a rival to
Kean He made his first London appearance on the 28th
of August 1837 as Shylock at the Haymarket. After a short season there he was with Macready for about six years at Covent Garden, the Haymarket and Drury Lane successively In 1844 he became co lessee of Sadler's Wells Theatre with Thomas L Greenwood and Mrs Mary Amelia Warner (1804-1854) Greenwood supplied the business capacity, Phelps was the theatrical manager, and Mrs Warner leading lady In this position Phelps remained for twenty years, during which time he raised the Sadler's Wells house to an important position,
and himself appeared in a very expensive and varied repertory. Thirty-four of Shakespeare's plays were presented there under his direction, with great educational effect, both on public and players In 1861 Greenwood retired from the partnership, and Phelps, unable to cope with the business of management,
retired from it in the following year. For the next fifteen years he acted under various managements, achieving considerable success in some of Halliday's dramatic versions of Scott's novels, such as The Fortunes of Nigel and Ivanhoe. His last appearance
was in 1878 as Wolsey in Henry VIII., and he died on the 6th of November 1878. He was a sound and capable actor, rather than one of any marked genius, and, in spite of his predilection for tragedy, was most successful in such characters of comedy as called for dry humour. Perhaps Sir Pertinax Macsycophant in Charles Macklin's The Man of the World was his finest impersonation. He published an annotated edition of Shakespeare's plays (2 vols, 1852–1854).
PHELYPEAUX, a French family of Blésois. Its two principal branches were those of the siegneurs of Herbault, La Vrillière and Saint Florentin, and of the counts of Pontchartrain and Maurepas Raimond Phelypeaux, seigneur of Herbault and La Vrillière (d. 1629), was treasurer of the Épargne in 1599, and became secretary of state in 1621. His son Louis succeeded him in this latter office, and died in 1681. Balthazar Phelypeaux, marquis de Châteauneuf (d 1700), and Louis, marquis de La Vrilliére (d 1725), respectively son and grandson of Louis, were also secretaries of state. Louis Phelypeaux (1705-1777), count of Saint Florentin and afterwards duke of La Vrilliére (1770), succeeded his father as secretary of state, became minister of the king's household in 1749, a minister of state in 1751, and discharged the functions of minister of foreign affairs on the disgrace of Choiseul (1770). He incurred
great unpopularity by his abuse of lettres de cachet, and had to resign in 1775. Raimond Balthazar Phelypeaux, seigneur du Verger, a member of the La Vrillière branch, was sent as ambassador to Savoy in 1700, where he discovered the intrigues of the duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, against France; and when war was declared he was kept a close prisoner by the duke (1703–1704). At the time of his death (1713) he was governor general in the West Indies. The branch of Pontchartrain-Maurepas was founded by Paul Phelypeaux (1569-1621), brother of the first-mentioned Raimond, he became secretary of state in 1610
PHENACETIN, C2H5O·C6H4·NHCOCH3 (para-acetamino-phenetol),
a drug prepared by acetylating para-phenetidin,
or by heating para-acetylaminophenol and potassium ethyl
sulphate with alcoholic soda to 150º C. Para-phenetidin is
prepared by treating the sodium salt of para-nitrophenol with
ethyl iodide, and reducing the nitrophenetol to para-phenetidin
or aminophenetol The yield may be doubled by diazotizing
para-phenetidin, coupling with phenol, ethylating and reducing:
EtO·C6H4·NH2→EtO·C6H4·N2OH→EtO·C6H4·N2·C6H·OH→EtO·C5H4·N2·C6H4·OEt→2EtO·C6H4·NH2.
It crystallizes from water in colourless plates, melting at 135° C. It is soluble in about 70 parts of hot and in about 1400 parts of cold water.
Several compounds related to phenacetin have been introduced into medicine. Triphenin is propylphenetidin, lactophenin is lactylphenetidin, pyrantin is para-ethoxyphenyl succinimide, EtO·C6H4·N[CO·CH2]2, salophen or saliphenin is salicylphenetidin, amygdophenin is mandelylphenetidin. In addition, several other derivatives have been suggested which have a greater solubility than phenacetin, e.g. phesin, which is the sodium salt of phenacetin sulphonic acid, apolysin and citrophen (citrophenin), which are citric acid derivatives of para-phenetidin, &c.
Phenacetin is contained in both the British and United States pharmacopoeia, in the latter under the name of acetphenetidin. The dose is 5 to 10 grs. given in cachets or in suspension. When the drug is carelessly made It may contain impurities, producing considerable irritation of the kidneys. The physiological action of phenacetin consists in a sedative action on the sensory tracts of the spinal cord, and a depressant action on the heart, where it
