and Adelaide began a career on the Boston stage at ten years old. But in 1850 her talent for singing became evident, and through Jenny Lind and others she was sent to London and to Italy to study. In 1855 she returned to America an accomplished vocalist; and for many years she was the leading American contralto, equally successful in oratorio and on the concert platform. She died at Carlsbad on the 3rd of October 1882.
PHILLIPS, EDWARD (1630–1696), English author, son of Edward Phillips of the crown office in chancery, and his wife Anne, only sister of John Milton, the poet, was born in August 1630 in the Strand, London. His father died in 1631, and Anne Phillips eventually married her husband’s successor in the crown office, Thomas Agar. Edward Phillips and his younger brother, John, were educated by Milton. Edward entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in November 1650, but left the university in 1651 to be a bookseller’s clerk in London. Although he entirely differed from Milton in his religious and political views, and seems, to judge from the free character of his Mysteries of Love and Eloquence (1658), to have undergone a certain revulsion from his Puritan upbringing, he remained on affectionate terms with his uncle to the end. He was tutor to the son of John Evelyn, the diarist, from 1663 to 1672 at Sayes Court, near Deptford, and in 1677–1679 in the family of Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. The date of his death is unknown but his last book is dated 1696
His most important work is Theatrum poetarum (1675), a list of the chief poets of all ages and countries, but principally of the English poets, with short critical notes and a prefatory Discourse of the Poets and Poetry, which has usually been traced to Milton’s hand. He also wrote A New World in Words, or a General Dictionary (1658), which went through many editions; a new edition of Baker’s Chronicle, of which the section on the period from 1650 to 1658 was written by himself from the royalist standpoint; a supplement (1676) to John Speed’s Theatre of Great Britain, and in 1684 Enchiridion linguae latinae, said to have been taken chiefly from notes prepared by Milton. Aubrey states that all Milton’s papers came into Phillips’s hands, and in 1694 he published a translation of his Letters of State with a valuable memoir.
His brother, John Phillips (1631–1706), in 1652 published a Latin reply to the anonymous attack on Milton entitled Pro Rege et populo anglicano. He appears to have acted as unofficial secretary to Milton, but, disappointed of regular political employment, and chafing against the discipline he was under, he published in 1655 a bitter attack on Puritanism entitled a Satyr against Hypocrites (1655). In 1656 he was summoned before the privy council for his share in a book of licentious poems, Sportive Wit, which was suppressed by the authorities but almost immediately replaced by a similar collection, Wit and Drollery. In Montelion (1660) he ridiculed the astrological almanacs of William Lilly. Two other skits of this name, in 1661 and 1662, also full of course royalist wit, were probably by another hand. In 1678 he supported the agitation of Titus Oates, writing on his behalf, says Wood, “many lies and villainies” Dr Oates’s Narrative of the Popish Plot indicated was the first of these tracts. He began a monthly historical review in 1688 entitled Modern History or a Monthly Account of all considerable Occurrences, Civil, Ecclesiastical and Military, followed in 1690 by The Present State of Europe, or a Historical and Political Mercury, which was supplemented by a preliminary volume giving a history of events from 1688. He executed many translations from the French, and a version (1687) of Don Quixote.
An extended, but by no means friendly, account of the brothers is given by Wood, Athen. oxon. (ed. Bliss, iv. 764 seq.), where a long list of their works is dealt with. This formed the basis of William Godwin’s Lives of Edward and John Phillips (1815), with which is reprinted Edward Phillips’s Life of John Milton.
PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800–1874), English geologist, was born on the 25th of December 1800 at Marden in Wiltshire. His father belonged to an old Welsh family, but settled in England as an officer of excise and married the sister of William Smith, the “Father of English Geology” Both parents dying when he was a child, Phillips came under the charge of his uncle, and after being educated at various schools, he accompanied Smith on his wanderings in connexion with his geological maps. In the spring of 1824 Smith went to York to deliver a course of lectures on geology, and his nephew accompanied him. Phillips accepted engagements in the principal Yorkshire towns to arrange their museums and give courses of lectures on the collections contained therein. York became his residence, where he obtained, in 1825, the situation of keeper of the Yorkshire museum and secretary of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. From that centre he extended his operations to towns beyond the county, and in 1831 he included University College, London, in the sphere of his activity. In that year the British Association for the Advancement of Science was founded at York, and Phillips was one of the active minds who organized its machinery. He became in 1832 the first assistant secretary, a post which he held until 1859. In 1834 he accepted the professorship of geology at King’s College, London, but retained his post at York. In 1834 he was elected F R S, in later years he received hon. degrees of LL.D. from Dublin and Cambridge, and D C L from Oxford; while in 1845 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London. In 1840 he resigned his charge of the York museum and was appointed on the staff of the geological survey of Great Britain under De la Beche. He spent some time in studying the Palaeozoic fossils of Devon, Cornwall and West Somerset, of which he published a descriptive memoir (1841); and he made a detailed survey of the region of the Malvern Hills, of which he prepared the elaborate account that appears in vol ii of the Memoirs of the Survey (1848). In 1844 he became professor of geology in the university of Dublin. Nine years later, on the death of H. E. Strickland, who had acted as substitute for Dean Buckland in the readership of geology in the university of Oxford, Phillips succeeded to the post of deputy, and at the dean’s death in 1856 became himself reader, a post which he held to the time of his death. During his residence in Oxford he took a leading part in the foundation and arrangement of the new museum erected in 1859 (see his Notices of Rocks and Fossils in the University Museum, 1863, and The Oxford Museum, by H. W. Acland and J. Ruskin, 1859; reprinted with additions 1893). Phillips was also keeper of the Ashmolean museum from 1854–1870. In 1859–1860 he was president of the Geological Society of London, and in 1865 president of the British Association. He dined at All Souls College on the 23rd of April 1874, but on leaving he slipped and fell down a flight of stone stairs, and died on the following day.
From the time he wrote his first paper “On the Direction of the Diluvial Currents in Yorkshire” (1827), down to the last days of his life, Phillips continued a constant contributor to the literature of science. The pages of the Philosophical Magazine, the Journal of the Geological Society, the Geological Magazine and other publications contain valuable essays by him. He was also the author of numerous separate works, which were of great benefit, in extending a sound knowledge of geology. Among these may be specially mentioned Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire (in two parts, 1829 and 1836; 2nd ed. of pt. 1 in 1835, 3rd ed, edited by R. Etheridge, in 1875); A Treatise on Geology (1837-1839); Memoirs of William Smith (1844); The Rivers, Mountains and Sea-Coast of Yorkshire (1853); Manual of Geology, Practical and Theoretical (1855), Life on the Earth; its Origin and Succession (1860); Vesuvius (1869), Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames (1871). To these should be added his Monograph of British Belemnitidae (1865), for the Palaeontographical Society, and his geological map of the British Isles (1847).
See Biographical Memoir, with portrait, in Geol. Mag. (July 1870)
PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814–1854), English journalist, the son of a Jewish tradesman in London, was born on the 28th of December 1814. He was educated at University College, London, and then at Göttingen. Having renounced the Jewish faith, he returned to England and entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, with the design of taking orders. His father’s death, however, prevented this, and in 1841 he took to literary work. He wrote a novel, Caleb Stukely (1862), and other tales, and about 1845 began a connexion with The Times as literary critic. In the following year he purchased the John Bull newspaper, and edited it for a year. Two volumes of his Essays from The Times appeared in 1852 and 1854. Phillips took an active part in the formation of the Crystal Palace Company, and wrote their descriptive guides. In 1852 the university of Göttingen
