and pictures. Although a devout student of the Shastras, he advocated female education and social reform. Refusing to cross the sea and so break caste by appearing before a parliamentary commission, he yet preached religious toleration. A patron of the Indian Congress, he borrowed from the armoury of British administration every reform which he introduced into the native states. He was respected alike by Europeans and natives, and received titles and honours from the British government. As tutor of the maharaja of Travancore, and then as revenue officer in that state, he showed firmness and ability, and became diwan or prime minister in 1857. He found the finances disorganized, and trade cramped by monopolies and oppressive duties. He co-operated with the Madras government in carrying out reforms, and when his measures led to misunderstandings with the maharaja, he preferred honourable resignation to retention of a lucrative office in which he was powerless for good. In 1872 he was engaged at Indore in laying down a plan of reform and of public works which he bequeathed to his successor, when a grave crisis at Baroda demanded his talents there. The Gaekwar had been deposed for scandalous misrule, and an entire reorganization was needed. Aided by Sir Philip Melvill, Madhava Rao swept away the corrupt officials, privileged sirdars and grasping contractors who had long ruined Baroda. He wrote able minutes defending the rights and privileges of the Gaekwar from fancied encroachment, and justifying the internal reforms which he introduced. He resigned office in 1882, and in his retirement devoted his leisure to reading and writing upon political and social questions. He died on the 4th of April 1891.
RAOUL DE CAMBRAI, the name of a French chanson de
geste. The existing romance is a 13th-century recension of a poem by a trouvére of Laon called Bertholais, who professed to have witnessed the events he described. It presents, like the other provincial gesle of Garin le Loherain, a picture of the
devastation caused by the private wars of the feudal chiefs.
A parallel narrative, obviously inspired ~by popular poetry, is
preserved in the chronicle of Waulsort (ed. Achery, S picilegium,
ii. p. 100 seq.), and probably corresponds with the earlier recension.
Raoul de Cambrai, the posthumous son of Raoul Taillefer,
count of Cambrai, by his wife Alais, sister of King Louis
(d'Outre-Mer), whose father's lands had been given to another,
demanded the fref of Vermandois, which was the natural inheritance
of the four sons of Herbert, lord of Vermandois. On
King Louis's refusal, he proceeded to war. The chief hero on
the Vermandois side was Bernier, a grandson of Count Herbert,
who had been the squire and firm adherent of Raoul, until he
was driven into opposition by the fate of his mother, burned
with the nuns in the church of Origny. Bernier eventually
slew the terrible Raoul in single fight, but in his turn was slain,
after an apparent reconciliation, and the blood-feud descended
to his sons. The date of these events is exactly ascertainable.
Flodoard (Annales, Anno 943) states that Count Herbert died
in that year, and was buried by his sons at St Quentin, that
when they learnt that Raoul, son of Raoul de Gouy, was about
to invade their father's territory, they attacked him and put
him to death. The identity of other of the personages of the
story has also been fixed from historical sources. The second
part of the poem, of which Bernier is the hero, is of later date,
and bears the character of a roman d'a°ventures.
See Li Romans de Raoul de Cambrai et de Bernier, ed. E. le Glay (Paris, 1840); Raoul de Cambrai, ed. P. Meyer and A. Longnon (sat. as am. arm ff., Paris, 1882); J. M. Ludlow, Popular E ics) 2? the Middle Ages (London and Cambridge, 1865); H. Groger, rundriss d. roman. Phil. (ii. pp. 567 seq.).
RAOUL ROCHETTE, DESIRE (1790–1854), French archaeologist, was born on the 9th of March 1790 at St Amand in the
department of Cher, and received his education at Bourges.
He was made professor of history in the Collége de Louis-le-Grand
at Paris (1813) and in the Sorbonne (1817). His Histoire
critique de l'établissement des colonies grecques (4 vols.,
1815) is now out of date. He was superintendent of antiquities
in the Bibliothèque at Paris (1819–48), and professor of
archaeology at the Bibliothèque (from 1826), a result of which
may be seen in his Cours d'archéologie (1828). In 1829 appeared
his Monuments inédits, a work of great value at the time. Still
valuable are his Peintures inédites (1836) and his Peintures de
Pompéi(1844). He contributed to the Annali of the Roman
Institute, the Journal des savants and the Académie des inscriptions.
At his death on the 3rd of ]u1y 1854 Raoul Rochette
was perpetual secretary of the Academy of Fine Arts and a
corresponding member of most of the learned societies in
Europe.
RAOULT, FRANÇOIS MARIE (1830–1901), French chemist,
was born at Fournes, in the Département du Nord, on the 10th of May 1830. He became aspirant répétiteur at the lycée of Rheims in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of chemistry in Sens lycée, where he prepared the thesis on electromotive force
which gained him his doctor's degree at Paris in the following year. In 1867 he was put in charge of the chemistry classes
at Grenoble, and three years later he succeeded to the chair
of chemistry, which he held until his death on the 1st of April
1901. Raoult's earliest researches were physical in character,
being largely concerned with the phenomena of the voltaic
cell, and later there was a. period when more purely chemical
questions engaged his attention. But his name is best known
in connexion with the work on solutions, to which he devoted
the last two decades of his life. His first paper on the depression
of the freezing-points of liquids by the presence of substances
dissolved in them was published in 1878; and continued investigation
and experiment with various solvents, such as benzene
and acetic acid, in addition to water, led him to believe in a
simple relation between the molecular weights of the substances
and the freezing-point of the solvent, which he expressed as the
“ loi générale de la congélation,” that if one molecule of a
substance be dissolved in 100 molecules of any given solvent,
the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered
by 0.63° C. (See, however, the article Solution.) Another
relation at which he worked was that the diminution in the
vapour-pressure of a solvent, caused by dissolving a substance
in it, is proportional to the molecular weight of the substance
dissolved—at least when the solution is dilute. These two
generalizations not only afforded a new method of determining
the molecular weights of substances, but have also been utilized
by J. H. van't Hoff and W. Ostwald, among other chemists,
in support of the hypothesis of electrolytic dissociation in
solutions. An account of Raoult's life and work was given by
Professor van't Hoff in a memorial lecture delivered before the
London Chemical Society on the 26th of March 1902.
RAOUX, JEAN (1677–1734), French painter, was born at Montpellier in 1677. After the usual course of training he became
a member of the Academy in 1717 as an historical painter. His
reputation had been previously established by the credit of
decorations executed during his three years in Italy on the
palace of Giustiniani Solini at Venice, and by some easel paintings,
the Four Ages of Man (National Gallery), commissioned
by the grand prior of Vendome. To this latter class of subject
Raoux devoted himself, nor did he even paint portraits except
in character. The list of his works is a long series of sets of the
Seasons, of the Hours, of the Elements, or of those scenes of
amusement and gallantry in the representation of which he was
immeasurably surpassed by his younger rival Watteau. After
his stay in England (1720) he lived much in the Temple, where
he decorated several rooms. He died in Paris in 1734. His
best pupils were Chevalier and Montdidier. His works, of
which there is a poor specimen in the Louvre, were much
engraved by Poilly, Moyreau, Dupuis, &c.
RAPALLO, a seaport and winter resort of Liguria, Italy, in the province of Genoa. Pop. (1901) 5839 (town); 10,343 (commune). It occupies a beautiful and well-sheltered situation on the east side of the Gulf of Rapallo, 18½ m. E. by S. from Genoa by rail. It has a fine church, a medieval castle (now used as a prison) and a Roman Bridge, known as “ Hannibal's Bridge.” On the hills above the town is situated the
