p. 21 (ditto). Sauropterygia: G. A. Boulenger, “On a
Nothosaurian Reptile from the Trias of Lombardy, apparently refer-able
to Lariosaurus,” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiv. (1896), p. 1.—H. G.
Seeley, “The Nature of the Shoulder Girdle and Clavicular
Arch in Sauropterygia,” Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. li. (1892), p. 119,
and vol. liv. (1893), p. 160. Ichthyopterygia: E. Fraas, Die
Ichthyosaurier der süddeutschen Trias- und Jura-Ablagerungen
(Tübingen, 1891).—J. C. Merriam, “Triassic Ichthyosauria,” Mem.
Univ. California, vol. i. No. 1 (1908).—Also technical papers by
E. Fraas on fins in Württ. Jahresh. (1894), p. 493, and Földtani
Közlöny, vol. xxviii. (Budapest, 1898), p. 169. Rhynchocephalia:
G. A. Boulenger, “On British Remains of Homoeosaurus, with
Remarks on the Classification of the Rhynchocephalia,” Proc. Zool.
Soc. (1891), p. 167.—J. H. McGregor, “The Phytosauria,” Mem.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. pt. ii. (1906)—E. C. Case, Revision
of the Pelycosauria of North America (Carnegie Institution, Washington,
1907).—Technical papers by H. Credner in Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 488 (Palaeohatteria), T. H. Huxley in
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliii. (1887), p. 675 (Hyperodapedon),
and L. Dollo in Bull. Soc. Belg. Géol. vol. v. (1891), Mém. p. 151
(Champsosaurus). Dinosauria: O. C. Marsh, “The Dinosaurs
of North America,” Sixteenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey
(1896).—Technical papers by L. Dollo in Bull. mus. roy. d'hist. nat. Belg.
vols. i.-iii. (1882-84) (Iguanodon), O. C. Marsh in Amer. Journ. Sci.
ser. 3, vol. l. (1895), pl. viii. (restorations), J. B. Hatcher in Mem.
Carnegie Museum, vol. i. No. 1 (1901), and W. J. Holland in Mem.
Carnegie Museum, vol. ii. No. 6 (1906). Crocodilia: T. H. Huxley,
“On Stagonolepis robertsoni, and on the Evolution of the
Crocodilia,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. (1875), p. 423.—E. Koken,
“Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus, Bl., aus der Tuffkreide von
Maastricht,” Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. (1888), p. 754.—E. Fraas,
“Thattosuchia,” Palaeantogr. vol. xlix. (1902), p. 1.—L. Dollo,
“Première note sur les crocodiliens de Bernissart,” Bull. mus.
roy. d'hist. nat. Belg. vol. ii. (1883), p. 309.—G. A. Boulenger,
Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians and Crocodiles in
the British Museum (London, 1889). Ornithosauria: K. A. von
Zittel, “Ueber Flugsaurier aus dem lithographischen Schiefer,”
Palaeontogr. vol. xxix. (1882), p. 49.—E. T. Newton, “On the
Skull, Brain and Auditory Organ of a New Species of Pterosaurian,”
Phil. Trans. vol. 179B (1888), p. 503—H. G. Seeley, Dragons of
the Air (London, 1901).—Technical papers by O. C. Marsh in Amer.
Journ. Sci. ser. 3, vol. xxiii. (1882), p. 251 (wing-membranes), S. W.
Williston in Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vol. vi. (1897), p. 35 (restoration
of Pteranodon), and G. F. Eaton in Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 4,
vols. xvi., xvii. (1903-4). Squamata: R. Owen, “On the Rank
and Affinities of the Reptilian Class of the Mosasauridae, Gervais,”
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. (1877), p. 682, and vol. xxxiv.
1878), p. 748.—G. A. Boulenger, Catalogue of the Lizards in the
British Museum, vols. i.-iii. (London, 1885-87); Catalogue of the
Snakes in the British Museum, vols. i., ii. (London, 1893-94).—Technical
papers by A. Kornhuber in Abh. k. k. geol. Reichsanst.
Wien. vol. v. (1873), No. 4, and vol. xvii. (1893), No. 3 (Dolichasauria),
F. Noposa in Beitr. Paläont. Oesterr.-Ungarns. vol. xxi. (1908),
and S. W. Williston in Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vols. i., ii., vi.
(1892-1897) (Mosasauria). (A. S. Wo.)
Fig. 11.—Skeleton of Clidastes. (After Cope.)
|
| After Günther. |
| Fig. 12.—Skull of Sphenodon. |
|
1, Ventral aspect; 2, lateral aspect; 3, lateral aspect of mandible. ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; c, coronoid; ca, columella auris; d, dentary; j, postorbital; m, maxilla; n, nasal; pa, parietal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pr, prefrontal; ps, postfrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate in the upper figure, quadrato-jugal in the middle figure; qj, jugal; s, squamosal; sp, splenial; v, vomer. |
III. Anatomy of Reptiles
The Skull.
Sphenodon has the most primitive and still most complex skull, the salient features of which it is easy to derive from Stegocephalian and early, generalized reptilian conditions; whilst in other directions, mostly by reduction, the skull of this “living fossil” affords the key to that of all the other groups of at least recent reptiles. The main features are the following. There are, in the temporal region, three complete bony arches, the supra-, infra-, and post-temporal, which subdivide the whole temporal fossa into four foramina. The supratemporal bridge is formed by the squamosal and post-orbital, the latter (j in fig. 12) being continued forwards and fused with the post-frontal. These three bones, with the parietal enclose the supratemporal foramen. The postorbital joins an ascending branch of the jugal, both together forming the hinder border of the orbit, and this is bordered below chiefly by the maxillary. The posteriortemporal bridge is formed by the parietal and squamosal, extends laterally over the quadrate and encloses a wide space between itself and the buttress-like transverse expansion of the lateral occipital bone (these “parotic processes” are made up of the lat. occipital, parotic and opisthotic bones); this is the posttemporal foramen. The space enclosed between this occipital buttress, the quadrate and the pterygoidal support of the latter represents the wide and large cavity of the middle ear,
