time Miss Stewart resisted the king’s importunities, though her behaviour was far from modest and “she had no aversion to scandal.” She had numerous suitors, including the duke of Buckingham and Francis Digby, son of the earl of Bristol, whose unrequited love for her was celebrated by Dryden. Her beauty appeared to her contemporaries to be only equalled by her childish silliness; but her letters to her husband, preserved in the British Museum, are not devoid of good sense and feeling. The king’s infatuation was so great that when the queen’s life was despaired of in 1663, it was reported that he intended to marry Miss Stewart, and four years later he was considering the possibility of obtaining a divorce to enable him to make her his wife. This was at a time when Charles feared he was in danger of losing her as his mistress, her hand being sought in marriage by Charles Stuart, duke of Richmond and Lennox. The duchess of Cleveland, who was losing her hold on the king’s affections, is reported by Hamilton to have led the king to Miss Stewart’s apartment at midnight when Richmond was closeted with her, and the duke was immediately expelled from court. In March 1667 the lady eloped from Whitehall with Richmond and married him secretly in the country. The king, who was greatly enraged, suspected Clarendon of being privy to the marriage, and, according to Burnet, deprived him of office for this offence. The duchess of Richmond, however, soon returned to court, where she remained for many years; and although she was disfigured by small-pox in 1668, she retained her hold on the king’s affections. Her husband was sent as ambassador to Denmark, where he died in 1672. The duchess was present at the birth of the prince of Wales, son of James II., in 1688, being one of those who signed the certificate before the council. She died in 1702, leaving a valuable property to her nephew the earl of Blantyre, whose seat was named Lennoxlove after her.
Bibliography.—Gilbert Burnet, History of my own Time (6 vols., Oxford, 1833); Samuel Pepys, Diary, 9 vols. (London, 1893–1899, and numerous editions); Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of Grammont, translated by Boyer, edited by Sir W. Scott (2 vols., London, 1885, 1890); Anna Jameson, Memoirs of Beauties of the Court of Charles II., with their Portraits (2nd ed., London, 1838); Jules J. Jusserand, A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II. (London, 1892); Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs, 1625–72, edited by C. H. Firth (2 vols., Oxford, 1894). (R. J. M.)
RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803–1884), German painter
and etcher, was born at Dresden in 1803, the son of the engraver
Karl August Richter, from whom he received his training;-but
he was strongly influenced by Erhard and Chodowiecki. He
was the most popular, and in many ways the most typical
German illustrator of the middle of the 10th century. His work
is as typically German and homely as are the fairy-tales of
Grimm. Richter visited Italy from 1823–26, and his “Thunderstorm
in the Sabine Mountains” at the Staedel Institute in
Frankfort is one of the rare Italian subjects from his brush. In
1828 he worked as designer for the Meissen factory, and in 1841
he became professor and head of the landscape atelier at the
Dresden Academy. The Dresden Gallery owns one of his best
and most characteristic paintings in the “Bridal Procession in
a Spring Landscape.” He died at Loschwitz near Dresden
in 1884.
RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879),
German musical theorist, was born at Grosschonau in Saxony,
on the 24th of October 1808. He first studied music at Zittau,
and afterwards at Leipzig, where he attained so high a reputation
that in 1843 he was appointed professor of harmony and counterpoint
at the conservatorium of music, then newly founded by
Mendelssohn; On the death of Hauptmann on the 3rd of
January 1868, he was elected Cantor of the Thomasschule,
which office he retained until his death on the 9th of April 1879.
He' is best known by three theoretical works-Lehrbuch der
Harmonie, Lehre 'vom Contrapunct and Lehrevon der Fugevaluable
textbooks known to English students through the
excellent translation by Franklin Taylor.
RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906), German politician, was
born on the 30th of July 1839 at Düsseldorf, After attending
the -universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin, he entered the
government service, being stationed in his native town. . In 1864
he was chosen burgomaster of Neuwied; but he was already
known for his Liberal opinions, and the government refused to
confirm the appointment. He was hereupon transferred' to
Bromberg, in East Prussia, which to an inhabitant of the Rhineland
was the worst formiof exile, and in consequence he resigned
his place in the publicrservice. He .now went to Berlin, where
he earned his living as a journalist. He was the most consistent
advocate of those doctrines of laissez faire and individual liberty
Whichthe Germans call-Marlchestertum. He was also keenly
interested in the attempts made at that period to create cooperative societies among, the working men, and wrote a work
on co-operative stores. It was not long before he came into
conflict with the government; an electioneering pamphlet
published in 1867 was confiscated; he was put on his trial but
acquitted. In 1867 he was elected a member of the newly
formed'Reichstag, and in 1869 of the Prussian parliament. He
soon became one 'of the most influential politicians in Germany.
A member of the I-'regressive"party, in 1880 one of the founders,
and eventually the leader, of the F reisinnige, he was always in
opposition. » Next to Windthorst (q.v.) he was Bismarck's most
dangerous opponent. 'After the great change of policy in 1878,
for a time his influence was a. great impediment, to the government;
as a consistent adherent to free trade, he was the leader
of the opposition to the introduction of protection, to the new
colonial policy, and to State Socialism. It was after 1880 that he
raised the cry Bismarck muss fort. He always' took a, great part
in. debates on the military and naval establishments, in vain
opposing the constant increase of army and navy. It was his
refusal to support the government proposals in ISQ3 for an
increase of the army 'which led to the break up of his party: he
was left with only eleven followers; and, except among the middle
class of Berlin and some other Prussian cities, the old Radical
party, of which he was the chief representative, from that time
had little influence in the country. In 188 5 he founded. the
Freisimiige Zeitung, .which.he edited himself; of his numerous
brochures the most successful was his attack on Socialism,
entitled. 'Sozialdemokratische Zukunftsbilder (Berlin, 1891), a
clever and successful satire on the-Socialist state of the future.
This has been translated into the English. He also wrote much on
Prussian finance, andunder the title Das politische A, B, C Buch
compiled a very useful political handbook for Radical voters.
He also published in 1892 reminiscences of his youth Uugenderiuuerungen),
and two volumes of parliamentary reminiscences
(Im allen Reichstag, 1894–1896).
He died at Jena on the 26th of January 1906.
RICHTER, HANS (1843–), Hungarian musical conductor, born at Raab on the 4th of April 1843, was the son of the kapellmeister 'at the cathedral, and of his wife, rtée Josephine Csazinsky, who was the first to perform Venus in Tarmhduser at Vienna. Young Hans sang either soprano or alto. in the cathedral choir, according to requirement, and occasionally played the organ. But his public début was made as a drummer in Haydn's Paukenmesse. In 18 53, at the age of ten, he appeared in a concert as pianist in Hummel's E flat quintet; and in 1854, after his father's death, went to the choristers' school, the Convikt (where Schubert was educated) in Vienna, and there became chorister in the Court Chapel. For five years from 1860 Richter studied under Heissler and Sechter in the Vienna Conservatorium, and he learnt the horn under Kleinecke. A year and a half after his first lesson 'he became hornist in the old Kiirnthnerthor Theatre at £3 a month. Meanwhile he had devoted time to conducting. It was not till August 1868 that Richter made his first appearance as a conductor, at the Hof Theater, Munich (where he had just been appointed), in William Tell; but in the next year he resigned this post, went first to Paris, then to Brussels, and finally to Triebschen, where he copied Der Ring 'des Nibelungen for Wagner. In April 1871 Richter took up his new duties as conductor of the Hungarian National Opera at Budapest, where he remained four years, until he began in May 1875 his long connexion with the Vienna Opera, which terminated only with the century. "In 1-876. Richter
