in which food accumulates, while the upper coil is the intestine
roper. In Echinus, but not in the Cidarids, a narrow tube branches
from the gut at the beginning of the first coil, runs alongside the
stomach, and re-enters the gut at the end of the coil; this, which is
called the siphon, permits a flow of water through the gut however
full of food the stomach may be. Round the gullet is a jaw-apparatus,
consisting essentially of five hard, pointed teeth, the ten jaw pieces
in which they are held, five struts between the pairs of jaws,
and five cambered stays for the attachment of ligaments to keep the
whole apparatus in position. The jaws are worked by muscles in
such a way as to draw the teeth together or apart, inwards or outwards.
This apparatus is often called “Aristotle’s lantern,” though
it is extremely doubtful whether Aristotle (Hist. Anim. iv. 5) was
alluding to this structure. The whole of it is covered by the membrane
lining the body-cavity, and from the space thus enclosed there
pass to the exterior five pairs of hollow branched appendages, the
external gills; the five notches through which the gills passed can
be seen in the dried test of an Echinus from which the mouth membrane
has been removed, but not in the test of the piper-urchin
or other Cidarid, because there the gills are not developed.
Fig. 2.—A Regular Sea-urchin, Dorocidaris papillata. The test seen
from above, with most of the spines removed. Natural size.
The prickles that cover the test are better studied in the piper urchin
(fig. 2), where some of them are very large and, from their
resemblance to the drones of a bagpipe, have suggested the name of
the animal. Each of these large spines or radioles is attached to a
rounded tubercle b an enclosing ligament and outer coat of muscles,
the base of the racliole being hollowed to fit on the tubercle. Thus
the radiole can be moved in any direction. The attachment of the
larger radioles is protected by a ring of smaller ones. These and the
other small spines protect the sea-urchin, as its prickles protect a
hedgehog; the larger ones may also help the animal to move or to
fix itself firmly against the shock of waves. Some urchins, especially
the purple egg-urchin, bore holes even in very hard rocks, and by
stretching out their radioles they can hold themselves immovably
in their holes; how they bore the holes is not known with certainty.
Besides radioles, small pincer-like appendages called pedicellariae
are attached to the test by similar ball-and-socket joints. Each
consists of a long stalk bearing three blades which can meet at their
points; on the inner surface of each blade is a cushion of sensitive
skin, and often a gland which secretes a poison. The pedicellariae
were once supposed to be parasites, but they are really organs of the
urchin of the same nature as the radioles; they are of four different
Fig. 3.—An Irregular Sea-urchin,
Spatangus purpureus.
forms, three of which undoubtedly serve for defence, while the
shortest ones clean the test from impurities and sand-grains that
fall between the radioles. Sea-urchins other than Cidarids also
bear on the test minute sensory organs called sphaeridia, each
consisting of a small hard knob, supported by a stalk which may
be partly calcified but always contains many nerve-fibres. It is
generally supposed that they are sensitive to vibrations in the water,
and to any change from the normal position which the animal may
assume or be forced into. Such a regular urchin as has here been
described lives with the mouth downwards, preferring a hard floor,
on which it creeps by its podia and its radioles, constantly scraping
the algae and seaweeds from the rock with its teeth and so feeding
itself. If it does not bore a hole, or is not protected by long needle like
radioles, it may grasp bits of sea-weed or other objects with its
pedicellariae and hide beneath them from the fish that seek it for food.
The Irregular urchins (fig. 3) have been modified for another way of life. Some of them live in mud or ooze, through which they creep. The mouth has moved forward, has lost its jaws and often has a lip, projecting so as to scoop up the mud. The prickles have become smaller, often almost silky, and are generally directed backwards so as not to oppose the passage of the body. The podia of the under surface still aid locomotion, but those of the upper surface, which are concentrated in five petal-shaped areas, act mainly as gills. These urchins often assume a heart shape, owing to the greater development and sinking in of the front petal. The sand dollars and their allies, which live half-buried in sand without moving through it, retain a more or less circular outline, as well as the central position of the mouth, which has not lost its jaws; the anus, however, has moved to the side, while the podia of the upper surface are concentrated in petals and many of them modified into branched gills. The sand-dollars proper are very thin and flat, but the shield-urchins (Clypeaster, &c.) have the central region of the upper surface raised in a boss, which reaches above the sand, so that the animal can still breathe though the whole body is hidden. In many Irregular urchins the petals of the ambulacra are deeply sunk, and serve as a nursery for the young, which are covered by the spines of the parent.
Sea-urchins live only in the sea, from between tide-marks down to all but the greatest depths. The abyssal forms have very thin tests, which are often flexible. Urchins eat all kinds of animal and vegetable food, and are themselves attacked by fish, by star-fish, and even by other urchins. The ripe egg-bunches area favourite article of diet with dwellers round the Mediterranean; in other respects sea-urchins are of small importance to man, being neither useful nor harmful. In olden times the larger radioles were recommended to be powdered and taken as a remedy for the stone.
For details of classification, see under Echinoidea, in the article Echinoderma.
SEA-WOLF, also Sea-Cat and Wolf-Fish (Anarrhichas lupus),
a marine fish, the largest of the family Blenniidae or blennies.
In spite of its large size, it has retained the bodily form and
general external characteristics of the small blennies. Its body
is long, subcylindrical in front, compressed in the caudal portion,
smooth and slippery, the rudimentary scales being embedded
and almost hidden in the skin. An even dorsal fin extends the
whole length of the back, and a similar fin from the vent to the
caudal fin, as in blennies. The pectorals are large and rounded,
the pelvic fins entirely absent. Its dentition distinguishes the
sea-wolf from all the other members of the family. Both jaws
are armed in front with strong conical teeth, and on the sides
with two series of large tubercular molars, a biserial band of
similar molars occupying the middle of the palate. By these
teeth the sea-wolf is able to crush the hard carapaces or shells
of the crustaceans and molluscs on which it feeds; that it uses
