by the side of Anu, Bel and Ea. The three powers, Sin, Shamash and Ishtar (q.v.), symbolized the three great forces of nature, the sun, the moon and the life-giving force of the earth. At times, instead of Ishtar, we find Adad (q.v.), the storm-god, associated with Sin and Shamash, and it may be that these two sets of triads represent the doctrines of two different schools of theological thought in Babylonia which were subsequently harmonized by the recognition of a group consisting of all four deltles.
The consort of Shamash was known as A. She, however, is rarely mentioned in the inscriptions except in combination with Shamash. (M. Ja.)
SHAMBLES, a slaughter-house, a place where butchers kill
animals for domestic food, an " abattoir." The word in the
singular means properly a bench or stall on which butchers
display their meat for sale in a market, and appears in O. Eng.
fōt-scamel, foot-stool. It represents the La. scamellum, diminutive
of scamnum, step, bench; the root is seen in Greek σκήπτρειν,
to prop, cf. "sceptre." The distinct word "shamble," meaning
to walk awkwardly, is to be traced to the O. Du. schampelen,
to stumble, an adaptation of O. Fr. escamper, to decamp (Lat.
ex, out of, and campus, field). The same French word has given
the English " scamp," a worthless rascal, a rogue, vagabond.
SHAMMAI, a Jewish scribe of the time of King Herod, whom
tradition almost invariably couples with Hillel (q.v.), with whom
he stood in striking contrast, not merely in legal-religious
decisions and discussions, but also in character and temperament.
His motto (Aboth i. 15) reads: “ Make thy study of the Thora
a firmly established duty; say little and do much; and receive
every man with friendly countenance.” The last admonition is
characteristic, as Shammai was choleric and brusque. The
opposition between Shammai and Hillel was perpetuated by
their respective schools, till, under Gamaliel II., the strife was
decided at Jabneh in favour of the school of Hillel. (W. Ba.)
SHAMOKIN, a borough of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., on Shamokin Creek, about 45 m. (73 m. by rail)
N. by E. of Harrisburg. Pop. (1900) 18,202, of whom 2703
were foreign-born; (1910 U.S. census) 19,588. Shamokin is served
by the Philadelphia & Reading, the Northern Central, and two
interurban railways. There are two parks. The mining and
shipping of anthracite coal and the manufacture of silk goods
and of hosiery and knit goods are the borough's principal
industries, but it has, also, foundries and machine shops, and
manufactories of powder, powder-kegs, shirts, overalls, hooks
and eyes, brick, flour and dressed lumber. The total value of
its factory product in 1905 was $1,443,915. The borough was
named from Shamokin Creek; the name is probably a mutilation
of a Delaware Indian word meaning “ full of eels." The Indian
village named Shamokin was on the site of the present Sunbury,
Pa. Shamokin was formed in 1852 by the union of two villages,
Groveville, and Mary Ann. It was incorporated as a borough
in 1864.
SHAMPOO, a word now principally used as a hair-dresser's
term for washing the head and hair with soap and water or some
special preparation. It is properly the Hindustani word
(champna, to thrust, press; imperative champo) for the kneading
and rubbing of the body, &c., which is one of the principal
features of the various forms of hot bath as practised in the East.
SHAMYL (c. 1797–1871), the leader of the tribes of the Caucasus
in the war against Russia. He was born about 1797 and,
educated by the Mullah Djemaleddin, soon took a leading part
in preaching a holy war against the Russians. He was both
the spiritual and military leader of the tribes, who maintained
the struggle for twenty-five years (1834–1859). This perpetual
guerrilla was a severe strain upon the resources of the great
power, and Shamy1's romantic fight for independence, making
him a sort of ally of England and France at the time of the
Crimean War (1853–55), earned him a European reputation. But
the capacity of the tribes for resistance was already failing,
and when at the close of the Crimean War Russia was able to
employ large forces on the Caucasus, the defenders were gradually
subdued, Shamyl himself being captured in 1859. The rest
of his life was spent in an easy captivity at Kaluga, St Petersburg
and Kiev. He died at Mecca during a pilgrimage in 1871. One
of his sons took service in the Russian, the other in the Turkish
army.
SHANGALLA, or SHANKALLA, a name loosely applied by
Abyssinians to the non-Arab and non-Abyssinian tribes living
west of Gojam in the Abyssinian-Sudan frontier lands. The
principal tribes included are the Legas, Bertat, Gumus, Kadalos
and Sienetjo. In some tribes Galla blood appears to predominate;
others are Negroids.
SHANGHAI, a city in the Chinese province of 'Kiang-su. The
native city of Shanghai is situated in 31° 15' N., 121° 27' E.
and stands on the left or W. bank of the Hwang-p'u river, about
12 m. from the point where that river empties itself into the
estuary of the Yangtsze-kiang. The walls which surround it
are about 3½ m. in circumference, and are pierced by seven gates.
The streets and thoroughfares may be said to illustrate all the
worse features of Chinese cities; while the want of any building
of architectural or antiquarian interest robs the city of any
redeeming traits. On the E. face of the city, between the walls
and the river, stands the principal suburb, off which the native
shipping lies anchored. Situated in the extreme E. portion of the
province of Kiang-su, and possessing a good and commodious
anchorage, as well as an easy access to the ocean, it forms the
principal port of central China. From the W. wall of the city
there stretches a rich alluvial plain extending over 45,000 sq. m.,
which is intersected by waterways and great chains of lakes
and bears a population of 800 to the sq. m. The products of this
fertile district, as well as the teas and silks of more distant
regions, find their natural outlet at Shanghai. The looms of
Suchow and the tea plantations of Ngan-hui, together with the
rice of this “ garden of China,” for many years before treaty days,
supplied the Shanghai junks with their richest freight. But
though thus favourably situated as an emporium of trade,
Shanghai did not attract, the attention of foreign diplomatists
until the outbreak of the War of 1841, when the inhabitants
purchased protection from the attacks of Admiral Parker by
the payment of a ransom of £145,000. In the Nanking treaty,
which was signed in the following year, Shanghai was included
among the four new ports which were thrown open to trade.
In 1843 Captain (afterwards Sir) George Balfour was appointed
British consul, and it was on his motion that the site of the
present English settlement, which is bounded on the N. by the
Suchow creek, on the S. by the Yang-king canal, and on the E.
by the river, was chosen. The site, thus defined on its three
sides (on the W. no boundary was marked out), is three-fifths of
a mile in length, and was separated from the native city by a
narrow strip of land which was subsequently selected as the site
of the French settlement. Later again the Americans established
themselves on the other side of the Suchow creek, on a piece of
land fronting on the river, which there makes a sharp turn in an
easterly direction.
A handsome bund runs along the river frontage of the three foreign settlements, and the public buildings, especially in the British settlement, are large and fine. The cathedral, which is built in the Gothic style, is a notable example of Sir G. Gilbert Scott's skill, and the municipal offices, club-house and hospitals are all admirable in their way. The climate is somewhat trying. Shanghai lies low, and, though the early winter is enjoyable, snow and ice being occasionally seen, the summer months are excessively hot. Cholera occurs in the native city every summer, malarial fever exists and dysentery is apt to become chronic in spring and autumn on account of the sudden changes of temperature—a fall of 20° to 30° taking place in a few hours-and the moisture-laden atmosphere. Smallpox is endemic in the Chinese city during the autumn and winter, and enteric is common in the autumn. In the foreign settlements, owing to sanitary enactments, cholera is rare, and Europeans who adopt ordina precautions “ have nothing to fear from the climate of Shanghai " (China Sea Directory, vol. iii., ed. 1904).
At first merchants appeared disinclined to take advantage of the opportunities offered them at Shanghai. “ At the end of the first year of its history as an open port Shanghai could count only 23 foreign residents and families, 1 consular flag, 11 merchants' houses, and 2 Protestant missionaries. Only
