exception to the rule that municipia and coloniae were not enrolled in the urban tribes. A Roman bridge of seven arches, somewhat restored in modern times, the ruins of a temple (now known as Il Palazzo del Re Barbaro), which an inscription found there shows to have been restored (A.D. 247–249) by the praefectus of the province, together with the basilica, an aqueduct, various buildings (S. Valero Usni in Notizie degli scavi (1882), 121, A. Taramelli, ibid. (1904), 145) and some rock tombs, still exist.
The inscriptions from Turris Libisonis are given by Th. Mommsen in Corp. inscr. lat. x. 826; V. Dessì in Notizie degli scavi (1898), 260; A. Taramelli, ibid. (1904), 141. One of them (C. I. L. No. 7954) mentions the construction of a fountain basin, another the construction of a quay (ripa turritana): substrictions may still be seen under water when the sea is clear.(T. As.)
TURSHIZ, a district of the province of Khorasan in Persia, lying E. of the great salt desert. It has a population of nearly
20,000 and pays a yearly revenue of about £7000. It produces
and exports wool, cotton, silk and much dried fruit, of the latter
particularly raisins and Alū Bukhara, “Bokhara prunes.”
The chief place and capital of the district is Sultanabad, generally
called Turshiz, like the district, situated 225 m. south-east
by east from Shahrud and 100 m. south-west from Meshed, in
35° 10′ N. 58° 34′ E., at an elevation of 2200 ft. It is
surrounded by a dilapidated Wall and has a population of
about 8000.
TURTON, an urban district in the Westhoughton parliamentary
division of Lancashire, England, 4 m. N. of Bolton,
on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 12,355.
Its modern growth is the result of the development of the cotton
trade in its various branches; and there are large stone quarries
in the vicinity. There remains in the township a curious
building named Turton Tower, dating principally from the 16th
century, and containing some fine contemporary woodwork.
TUSCALOOSA, a city and the county-seat of Tuscaloosa county, Alabama, U .S.A., in the west-central part of the state, on
the Black Warrior river, about 55 m. S.W. of Birmingham and
about 100 m. N.W. of Montgomery. Pop. (1900), 5094; (local
census, 1908), 7140 (3551 negroes); (1910 U.S. census), 8407.
It is served by the Alabama Great Southern and the Mobile & Ohio
railways. The Black Warrior river, formerly not navigable
beyond Tuscaloosa, has been improved by the United States
government, and there are three locks in or near the city.
Tuscaloosa lies between the foothills of the Appalachians
to the north-east and the low alluvial valley of the Black
Warrior. It has many old-fashioned residences and gardens,
and a fine Federal building. It is the seat of the university
of Alabama; of the Alabama Central Female College (Baptist,
1858), which occupies the old state capitol; of the Tuscaloosa
Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South, 1860);
of Stillman Institute (Presbyterian, 1876; originally the
Tuscaloosa Institute for the Education of Coloured Ministers;
named in honour of its founder, Dr Charles A. Stillman,
in 1897); and of Alabama Bryce Hospital for the Insane
(1861). The university of Alabama was founded by an act
of the state legislature of 1820, the United States government
having donated 46,080 acres of public lands for this purpose
in the preceding year; in 183I the university was opened at
Tuscaloosa, then the state capital. On the 4th of April 1865
all the buildings of the university, except the observatory, were
burned by a body of Federal cavalry, and the university was
closed thereafter until 186Q; in 1884 the United States government
gave another 46,080 acres of public lands in restitution,
and in 1907 the state legislature appropriated $445,000 for new
buildings. The university is a part of the public school system
of the state, and is governed by a board of trustees, consisting
of the governor and the superintendent of education of the state,
of two members from the congressional district in which the
university is situated, and of one member from each of the other
congressional districts of the state. The university includes,
besides a college and a graduate school, departments of engineering,
law, medicine (formerly the Medical College of Alabama,
established in 1859) and pharmacy (the two last in Mobile),
and asummer school for teachers, and in 1908-9 had 60 instructors
and 887 students. In the city there are several manufacturing
establishments, principally cotton and lumber mills; and in the
immediate vicinity there are important coal, coke and iron
interests-there is a large iron furnace, pipe foundry and coking
plant at Holt, about 4 m. north-east of the city.
Tuscaloosa derives its name from an Indian chief, Who,
after a desperate battle with De Soto at Mauvilla (the site of
which is not definitely known) in 1540, is said to have hanged
himself in order to escape capture, and is commemorated by a
granite monolith in the Court House Square; the name is said
to mean “ black warrior.” The first settlement of whites was
made in 1815. The city was chartered in 1819, and in 1826-1846
it was the capital of Alabama.
TUSCANA (mod. Toscanella q.v.), an ancient town of Etruria, about 15 m. N.E. of Tarquinii. It is hardly mentioned in ancient literature; it was a station on the road from Blera to
Saturnia, a prolongation of the Via Clodia. On the hill of S.
Pietro are remains of walling of the Roman period. A number
of Etruscan tombs were found by the Campanari brothers in
the 19th century, and their valuable contents are in various
European museums.
TUSCANY (Toscana), a territorial division of Italy, consisting
of the western part of the centre of the peninsula, bounded N.W.
by Liguria and Emilia, E. by the Marches and Umbria, S.E. by
the province of Rome and W. by the Mediterranean. It consists
of eight provinces, Arezzo, Firenze (Florence), Grosseto,
Livorno (Leghorn), Lucca, Massa-Carrara, Pisa and Siena,
and has an area of 9304 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 2,566,741. The
chief railway centre is Florence, whence radiate lines to Bologna
(for Milan and the north), Faenza, Lucca, Pisa and Leghorn,
and Arezzo for Rome. Siena stands on a branch leaving the
Florence-Pisa line at Empoli and running through the centre of
Tuscany to Chiusi, where it joins the Florence-Rome railway.
The line from Rome to Genoa runs along the coast throughout
the entire length of Tuscany, and at Montepescali throws off
a branch joining the Empoli-Chiusi line at Asciano, and at
Follonica another to Massa Marittima.
Except towards the coast and around Lucca, Florence and Arezzo, where the beds of prehistoric lakes form plains, the country is hilly, being intersected with sub-Apennine spurs. The most fertile country in Tuscany is in the valley of the Arno, where the plains and slopes of the hills are highly cultivated. In strong contrast with this is the coast plain known as the Maremma, 850 sq. m. in extent, where malaria has been prevalent since the depopulation of the country in the middle ages. Here in the first half of the 19th century the grand duke Leopold II. of Tuscany began an elaborate system of drainage, which was gradually extended until it covered nearly the whole of the district. The greater part of the Maremma now affords pasture to large herds of horses and half-wild cattle, but on the drier parts corn is grown, the people coming down from the hills to sow and to reap. The hill country just inland, especially near Volterra, has poor soil, largely clayey, and subject to landslips, but is rich in minerals. But for the Maremma, Tuscany is one of the most favoured regions of Italy. The climate is temperate, and the rainfall not excessive. The Apennines shelter it from the cold north winds, and the prevailing winds in the west, blowing in from the Tyrrhenian Sea, are warm and humid, though Florence is colder and more windy than Rome in the winter and hotter in summer, owing to its being shut in among the mountains. Wheat, maize, wine (especially the red wine which takes the name of Chianti from the district S.S.W. of Florence), olive oil, tobacco, chestnuts and flowers are the chief products of Tuscany. Mules, sheep and cattle are bred, and beeswax is produced in large quantities. But the real wealth of Tuscany lies in its minerals. Iron, mercury, boracic acid, copper, salt, lignite, statuary marble, alabaster and Sienese earth are all found in considerable quantities, while mineral and hot springs abound, some of which (e. g. Montecatini and Bagni di Lucca) are well known as health resorts. The industries of Tuscany are exceedingly varied and carried on
