Kingdom like the temple of the Sphinx at Giza, is one of the most remarkable in Egypt, and the completion of its excavation is much to be desired. For such a work, however, considerable funds are necessary, and all archaeological study has had to struggle along with insufficient means.
Prof. Petrie resumed operations in Middle Egypt after the war-, and made interesting discoveries (1921). By the autumn of 1921 conditions for work were improving.
Dr. Reisner, working for Boston, was not held up by the war, but continued his excavations in the Giza pyramid field and in Nubia, making good finds in both places. His determination from the study of their pyramids at Napata (the Barkal region) of the succession of the Ethiopian kings, 42 and his revelations of the colonial dominion of the Egyptians in Nubia under the XII. dynasty, derived from his work at Kerma and Defufa, 43 are of great historical importance.
Other work of importance in Nubia immediately before the war was that of Mr. Randall Maclver and Mr. Woolley for the Eckley B. Coxe (Philadelphia) Expedition, 44 that of Oxford at Farras, directed by Mr. F. U. Griffith, 45 which has result- ed in an unrivalled series of Nubian pottery from the earliest to the latest times, and that of Prof. Garstang at Meroe, 46 in the far S., which has shown us a barbaric culture of Egyptian origin, strongly influenced by the Ptolemaic and Roman civiliza- tion of its time: this is the culture of the Candaces. The great bronze head of Augustus Caesar, now in the British Museum, is one of the trophies of this excavation, and is very interesting as being either a trophy of war carried off perhaps from Syene, or was actually set up at Meroe by the independent native ruler in honour of the Emperor. Mr. Griffith has added to our knowledge of the ancient languages of the world by his inter- pretation of the Meroltic inscriptions, 47 to which Prof. Sayce has also contributed. 48
Returning to the N. and early times again, we have to chroni- cle besides Reisner's excavations, 49 those of the university of Pennsylvania (Eckley B. Coxe Expedition), 60 and of Junker for Vienna, 61 all in the pyramid field of Giza. These explorations of the mastaba tombs of the III.- VI. dynasties have had interesting results. Among other important archaeological finds of the past decade are those of several new fragments of the " Palermo Stone " and similar annalistic monuments of the V. dynasty, 62 which are of high importance for the early period. The New York Museum has further investigated the Middle Kingdom pyramid field at Lisht and its neighbourhood, 63 and Prof. Petrie and Mr. Brunton have found fine XII. dynasty jewellery at Lahun M (now in New York). At Thebes, New York has also carried out work at Qurnet Murra'i and Sheikh 'Abd el Qurna, as well as at Dra' Abul Neqqa and Deir el Bahri, 66 where the Earl of Carnarvon, assisted by Mr. Howard Carter, has also dug with remarkable success, recovering some of the most beautiful relics of the art of the XII. and XVIII. dynasties that we possess. 68 Among other tombs Lord Carnarvon has found the long-sought sepulchre of Amenhotep I. 67 At Thebes important work in the copying of tombs has been done by Mr. and Mrs. de Garis Davies for Dr. A. L. Gardiner, who publishes with them the tombs of Amenemhet and Antefoker, under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Society. 68 The French Archaeological Institute at Cairo has also excavated Theban tombs * and at Dendera a naos of the XI. dynasty, with interesting sculptures of Neb-hepet Re (the king whose tomb temple at Deir el Bahri was excavated by Naville and Hall for the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1903-7) has been found, and taken to Cairo. 60 An interesting discovery of the late period in Upper Egypt, that of images and other temple objects of precious metals, was also made at Dendera by the diggers for natron (sebakh) and recovered by the Service des Antiquites for the Cairo Museum. 61
Outside Egypt proper the work of editing and publishing all the Egyptian inscriptions of Sinai has been begun by Dr. Gardiner and Mr. Peet. 62
A worthy completion of the record is the wonderful exhibition of all the finest examples of Egyptian art in Britain outside the
British and Ashmolean Museums, held by the Burlington Fine Arts' Club in London in the summer of ig2i. 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY. (i) Tarkhan I. and II., 1913-4; (2) Denkschr. der kais. Akad. Wiss. in Wien., Phil. hist. Klasse, LVI. (1912); (3) The Labyrinth, Gerzeh, and Mazghunch, 1912; (4) Hall, Oldest Civilisation of Greece (1901), p. 198; Man, Oct. 1903, 86, May 1905, 40; Montelius, Man, Jan. 1905, 7; (5) Buhen, p. 193, pi. 88; (6) Survey Dept., Cairo, 1908-11; (7) The Ancient Egyptians (1911); (8) This is the view of Mr. P. E. Newberry, with whom on early Egyptian connexion with Syria the writer agrees. (The only other serious explanation of the Ded is that of Sir E. Budge, who be- lieves it to be a representation of the vertebrae of Osiris, which would be a holy relic); (9) Hethitische Studien, I. ,11., Berlin, (1916-9); (10) Contenau, Trente Tablettes Cappadociennes (1919); S. Smith, Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum, 1921; (11) Archaeologia, LXIV. ; (12) The Hiltiles (Schweich Lec- tures, 1918); (13) Hogarth, Carchemish I., 1914; Proc. Brit. Acad. V. ; Woolley, Ann. Anthr. Arch., Liverpool, IV. 87 (" Hittite Burial Customs"); (14) Ann. Anthr. Arch. V.; (15) Hall, Manchester Eg. Or. Journ., 1913; (16) Brit. Mus. North Semitic Gallery; (17) Archaeologia LXX.; (18) Proc. Sac. Ant., Dec. 1919; (19) Pezard, Mem. Deleg. Perse, XV. (1914); (20) Hall, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch. 1909, p. 311, ff,, pll. 48, 49; King, Hist. Sum. Akk. p. 351, ff. ; (21) Journ. Eg. Arch. VI. (1920) p. 4, ff. ; (22) Allbright, Journ. Eg. Arch, ibid., p. 89, ff. ; VII. (1921) p. 80, ff.; Sayce and Langdon, ibid., VI. 295 ff. ; (23) Benedite, Fond. Eug. Piot.; Man el Mem., XXII., I (1916); (24) Hall, in Camb. Anc. Hist, (forthcoming); (25) Proc. Soc. Ant., Dec. 1919; Camb. Anc. Hist.; (26) Camb. Anc. Hist.; (27) " The Influence of Ancient Egyptian Civilization in the East and in America," Bull. John Rylands Libr., Jan.-March 1916; (28; Proc. Soc. Ant., Dec. 1919; (29) Palestine Expl. Fund Annual, 1911, 1912-3; (30) Hall, Anc. Hist. Near East (1921), p. 71, ff.; (31) Lyon,Haniard Theol. Rev.,)a.n. 1911; (32) Hal\,Anc. Hist. Near Eas/,p.44i; (33) Journ. Eg. Arch. III. (1916); (34) Pat. Expl. Fund Quarterly Statement, April 1921, p. 73; (35) Koldewey, Das wieder- erstehende Babylon (1913) ; Excavations at Babylon, 1914; (36) Andrae, Festungswerkcn v. Assur and Stelenreihe v. Assur (Deutsch Orient - Gesellschaft, 1913); (37) Schroeder, Zeits. Assyr., Dec. 1920, p. 52; (38) Historical Texts (Univ. Penna. Publ. IV., V., 1914); King, Schweich Lectures, 1916, p. 20, ff. ; (39) Poebel, loc. cit. cf. Langdon, ibid., X. ; Poeme du Paradis (1919); King, loc. cit., p. 52, ff.; (40) Mittlg. der Deutsch Orient-Cese/lschaft, Nos. 55 (1914) and 57 (1917) ; (41) Journ. Eg. Arch. I. (1914), p. 159, ff. ; (42) Harvard African Studies, II.; Boston Museum Bulletin, Feb. 1918; Sudan Notes and Records, II. 35, 237; (43) Boston Museum Bulletin, April 1914, Dec. I9J5; (44) Karanog, 1910; Buhen, 1911; (45) Ann. Anthr. Arch. viii. (1921) No. I.; (46) Meroe, 1911; (47) Griffith, in Meroe, p. 58, ff. ; Karanog: MeroUic Inscr. 1911; (48) Meroe, p. 49, ff. ; (49) Boston Museum Bulletin, Nov. 1913, April 1915; (50) Phila. Mus. Journ., June 1915; (51) Journ. Eg. Arch. I. p. 250, ff. ; (52) Gautier Musee Egyptien, 1915; Gardiner, Journ. Eg. Arch. III. p. 143, ff. ; Petrie, Anc. Egypt, 1916; (53) N. Y. Mus. Bulletin, 1914, p. 207, ff.; (54) N. Y. Mus. Bulletin, Dec. 1919; Brunton, Lahun I. (1920); (55) N. Y. Museum Bulletin, 1918 (Supplements), 1920 (do.) ; Journ. Eg. Arch. VI. p. 220; (56) Five Years' Excavations at Thebes, 1912 and Journ. Eg. Arch, passim; (57) Carter, Journ. Eg. Arch. III. p. 147, ff.; (58) Amenemhet, 1915; Antef-oker, 1920; (59) The Tomb of Nakht (1916); (60) Gautier, Ann. du Service, 1920, p. I., ff.; (61) Daressy, Ann. du Service, 1917, p. 226, ff. ; (62) Journ. Eg. Arch. V. p. 68; (63) Inscriptions of Sinai, I. (1917); (64) Newberry and Hall, Catalogue of an Exhibition of Ancient Egyptian Art; London, Bur- lington Fine Arts' Club, 1921. (H. H.*)
ARCHAEOLOGY: GREECE AND GREEK SITES. All impor- tant excavations which were in progress in Greek lands in 1911 came to an end with the beginning of the World War. These had not yet been resumed by 1921, partly because of the increased cost of labour, partly because of the continued inaccessibility of sites. The numerous minor explorations, how- ever, chiefly carried on by Government authorities and local archaeological societies, had been less interrupted. Even the studies of individual members of the foreign schools and in- stitutes had been to some extent continued by these scholars in the course of military service with one or other of the combat- ant forces in the Near East.
PREHELLENIC PERIOD
The greatest advance during the decade 1910-20 was made in the knowledge of prehistoric Greece, to which increasing interest had been directed since the first discoveries of Sir Arthur Evans in Crete in 1900.
Greek Mainland. Exploration of the Mycenaean sites of the Greek mainland have shown that beneath the characteristic painted pottery which is so plainly derived from the late Minoan wares,
