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12 Longitude East 13 of Greenwich 14
49
IU II
AUSTRIA
Scale I = 3.600,000
English Miles
10 za 30 40 so so TO Kilometres
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
frontiers not requiring delimitation
Frontiers to be delimitated
Old Frontier between Austria and rfu
12
13
4S
and Central Styria were cut off; the two great natural triangular routes, that of German Tirol and that within Austria, and hence also the southern longitudinal railway of the Eastern Alps (Franzensfeste-Marburg) were split up between different states (see CARINTHIA, STYRIA, TIROL).
Population. The territories under Austrian administration in May 1920, which alone could be included in the census of Jan. 31 1920, embraced a portion of Lower Austria belonging to Czecho- slovakia; on the other hand, electoral district No. I. of Carinthia and a few communes of Styria were occupied by the Southern Slavs, and the disputed Burgenland (German Western Hungary) by Hungary. With these reservations the figures in the appended table hold good.
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Territory
Area in sq. m.
Pop. Dec. 31 1910.
Pop. Jan. 31 1920.
Density persq. m.
Lower Austria . Upper Austria . Salzburg Styria .... Carinthia . Tirol .... Vorarlberg .
7,f'39 4,626 2,762 6,304 3.017 4-787 1,005
3,525,094 853,006
214-737 952,590 299,091
304,713
145,408
3,313,155 857,234 213,877 946,721
297,257 306,153
I33,"33
434 185 77 151 99 64 132
Total Carinthia, Zone I Burgenland .
30,140 667
1,684*
6,294,639
72,138 345,082*
6,067,430
2OI
Total
32,491*
6.711,859*
- Approximate.
The returns show that, in consequence of the war and the shortage of foodstuffs in all countries from 1910-20, the populations of Up- per Austria and Tirol decreased greatly during that period (the average decrease was 3-6%). In Vienna, the birth-rate had slightly increased, but in 1921 was still lower than the death-rate. In 1910, the proportion of males and females was as 1,000 to 1,024; ' n 1920 as l,oop to 1,089. The nationalities of the inhabitants are not shown in the census of 1920; only the Czechs in Vienna and the Slovenes in Carinthia form important minorities.
The population of the mountainous districts is sparse; only Lower Austria, thanks to Vienna, shows a dense population. Ex- cluding Vienna it would show only 194 inhabitants per sq. m. In the area covered by the census of 1920, 39-8 % of the population was in 3,551 communal districts having up to 2,000 inhabitants; 14-1% in 295 such districts having 2,001 to 5,000 inhabitants; 4-8% in 43 districts of 5,001 to 10,000 inhabitants; 2-8% in 13 dis- tricts of 10,001 to 20,000 inhabitants; 3-0% in seven districts of 20,001 to 50,000 inhabitants, and 2-5% in two districts of 50,001 to 100,000 inhabitants; 33-0% were, however, in two districts of over 100,000 inhabitants (Vienna and Graz). In 1910 94-12% of the
population was Roman Catholic, 2-6 Evangelical, 2-98 Jewish, other faiths 0-3 %.
Education. At the end of 1918 there were 4,102 free public primary schools (Volksschulen), with 17,497 teachers and 788,891 pupils; 331 higher elementary middle-class schools (Burgerschulen), with 3,310 teachers and 82,739 pupils; 362 private tower elementary schools with 35,511 pupils; and 69 private higher elementary schools with 6,114 pupils; 1,875 teachers served these private schools. In 1910 the average proportion of persons over 10 years of age who could both read and write was 95-70 % (in Vorarlberg 99- 12 %, in Carinthia 85-43%); 0-80% (in Carinthia 2-28%) could only read and 3-5% could neither read nor write. At the end of 1918 there were 37 in- stitutions for training teachers 16 for men and 21 for women. In addition to the elementary schools there are three groups of higher schools: intermediate schools, professional and technical schools, and " high " schools. There are also higher and lower schools for forestry and agriculture. In 1917-8, 46 of the intermediate schools (Mittelschulen) were Gymnasien (classical schools), 26 Realgymna- sien, Reform Realgymnasien, etc. (in which Latin is taught) ; 39 Realschulen (modern, without Latin) and 26 Madchenlyzeen (girls' colleges) with, together, 3,135 teachers and 40,147 pupils. Of the girls' colleges, one ranked as a Gymnasium and two as Realgymna- sien. But girls are required to attend the other intermediate schools ; the number of girls' colleges is diminishing. The churches have charge of religious instruction in the elementary and intermediate schools. In 1917-8, there were 9 higher and 32 second-class com- mercial schools, 19 higher technical schools and 53 special technical schools; and 4 intermediate and 38 lower agricultural and forestry schools.
The higher educational establishments are: Three universities (Vienna, Graz and Innsbruck), each with four faculties Catholic theological, law and political sciences, medicine, and philosophy; two technical colleges (Vienna and Graz) ; the Evangelical theological faculty in Vienna, and that of Catholic theology in Salzburg. There are also in Vienna the high schools of commerce, agriculture and vet- erinary science, the consular academy, the academy of plastic arts, the special school for medal and stamp engraving, the academy of music and graphic arts, and at Leoben the college of mining.
Agriculture and Forestry. In the returns according to occupations taken in 1910, it appeared that 40-14% of the population was en- gaged in agriculture and forestry, 34-81% in manufacture, 17-40% in trade, and 7-65 % in other occupations. Not taking Vienna into account, 56-36% was engaged in agriculture and forestry. In 1900, 10-4% of the land was unproductive (in Tirol 23-7 %; in Lower Austria 3-7 %).
Of the productive areas, 25-6% was arable (in Lower Austria 45-2% and in Vorarlberg 3-4%), 1-7% gardens and vineyards (in Lower Austria 3-5% and in Vorarlberg 0-2%), 12-4% meadow (in Upper Austria 20-1% and in Tirol 7-4%), 17-8% grazing-lands (Vorarlberg 51-3% and Upper Austria 2-7%), 42-5% forest (Styria 54-4% and Vorarlberg 29-4%). The high Alpine lands of Vorarlberg, Tirol and Salzburg are characterized by the smallness of their total
