of it. The franchise for the election to the Diet is possessed by all men and women who have completed their twentieth year. There must be a general election every four years. The dissolution of the Diet can be brought about before the end of the legislative period by a vote of the people. Laws can also be passed by a vote of the people, and that in two ways: a law which has been voted by the Diet can be submitted to the vote of the people by the Referendum, if the ministry so decides or if the people itself so demands; secondly, an appeal may be proposed by Popular Initiative. Laws in- volving an amendment of the constitution must always be submitted to a Popular Referendum. The constitution of Baden has thus a great resemblance to that of the Swiss Confederation; but there is the essential difference that in Baden the Government is de- pendent upon Parliament. (W. v. B.)
BADENI, KASHMIR, COUNT (1846-1909), Austrian statesman, was born Oct. 14 1846 at Surachovo in Galicia, his
family being of Italian origin. He studied law and served
some years in the Ministry of the Interior and from 1879 at
Cracow as lieutenant of the governor of Galicia. He resigned
the Government service in 1886, but two years later was ap-
pointed governor (Statthalter) of Galicia, where he ruled the
Ruthenians with a strong hand. In Sept. 1895 he was ap-
pointed Austrian prime minister, and his attitude was at
first satisfactory to the German-Austrians. In 1897, however,
in order to gain the support of the Czechs for the new Aus-
gleich with Hungary, he made certain important concessions
in respect of the official use of the Czech language in Bohemia.
This was done by ordinance, without parliamentary sanction,
and met with violent opposition from the German deputies,
some of whom were imprisoned. The storm of indignation
aroused among the German-Austrians by this policy, which
led to imposing demonstrations in the streets of Vienna, led
to Badeni's downfall on Nov. 28 1897. He died July 9 1909
(C. BR.)
BADOGLIO, PIETRO (1871- ), Italian general, was born at Grazzano (Alessandria) Sept. 28 1871. He received his commission in the artillery, and thence passed to the general staff. During the Italo-Turkish War he served in Tripoli on the staff, receiving special promotion to major after the battle of Zanzur in June 1912. In the spring of 1915 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and on Italy's entry into the World War he held the post of sub-chief-of-staff of the II. Army under Gen. Frugoni. In quick succession he acted as chief-of-staff of the 4th Division, and commanded the 74th Infantry Regiment on Monte Sabotino. In July 1916 he received another step, and as colonel commanded the " Sabotino Sec- tor." He planned and carried out the successful attack on Monte Sabotino which preceded the fall of Gorizia (Aug. 1916). For this success he was once more promoted. After serving as chief-of-staff of the VI. Corps and commanding the Cuneo Brigade, he became chief-of-staff of the so-called " Gorizia Zone " under Capello, with whom he remained when the com- mand of the " Gorizia Zone " was extended to the whole II. Army. On the eve of that army's offensive in May 1917, Capello, dissatisfied with the artillery preparation in the sector of the II. Corps, obtained the appointment of Badoglio as interim commander of the corps (May 12). After the capture of Monte Kuk and Monte Vodice this appointment was confirmed, and he received another step of promotion. He commanded the II. Corps at the beginning of the August offensive but when the XXVII. Corps on the extreme left of the attack failed to make the progress expected he was sent to take over the corps. This time, however, the endeavour to make up for lost time was unavailing. At the battle of Caporetto, Badoglio commanded the same corps, the left wing of which was broken by Otto von Below's attack from the Tolmino bridgehead. On the reorganization of the Italian Supreme Command (Nov. 1917) he was appointed as one of the two sub-chiefs-of-staff then nominated, the other being Gen. Giardino. From Feb. 1918, on Giardino's transference to Versailles, Badoglio acted as sole sub-chief-of-staff under Diaz. He conducted the Armis- tice preliminaries at Villa Giusti, and signed the Armistice on behalf of Italy. In Nov. 1919 he was appointed to the rank of army general and from Diaz's resignation to Feb. 1921 he was chief of the general staff in succession to Diaz.
Badoglio's rapid rise was explained by the qualities which he showed in a special degree: determination, energy, and thor- oughness. These qualities, joined to a natural military instinct developed by much study and backed by a powerful ambition, marked him out early and brought him very quickly to the front. He was blamed in various quarters for his disposition of the XXVII. Corps before the Austro-German attack in Oct. 1917, but the Caporetto Commission of Inquiry rejected most of the criticisms made upon him.
BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON
(1835-1917), German chemist (see 3.192), died at Munich Sept. 5 1917. Up to within a year of his death he continued in full active work as one of the best-known teachers in the world of organic chemistry.
BAGWELL, RICHARD (1840-1918), Irish historian, was borr
Dec. 9 1840, the eldest son of John Bagwell, M.P. for
Clonmel from 1857 to 1874. Educated at Harrow and Christ
Church, Oxford, he was afterwards called to the English bar,
but never practised. As a large landowner in Tipperary he
devoted constant and conscientious attention to local affairs,
serving on all boards and committees until 1898 when, on the
passing of the Local Government Act, his wide experience led
to his appointment for five years as a special local government
commissioner. In 1905 he became a commissioner for national
education. As a historian his reputation rests mainly on his
two works, Ireland under the Tudor s (3 vols. 1885-90) and
Ireland under the Stuarts (3 vols. 1909-16), which are monu-
ments of careful research and wide learning. In recognition of
his historical work he was given the hon. degree of Litt.D.
by Dublin University in 1913 and that of D.Litt. by Oxford
University in 1917. Mr. Bagwell was an uncompromising
Unionist, and was well known as a speaker and writer for the
cause. He died at Marlfield, Clonmel, Dec. 4 1918.
- s7 @@
BAIRNSFATHER, BRUCE (1887- ), English humorist, was born at Murree, India, July 9 1887, and was educated at the United Services College, Westward Ho. He became a civil engineer, and also had some military experience in a militia battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regt. In 1914 he rejoined this regiment and went to France, serving there until 1916, when he obtained a War Office appointment. Bairnsfather's reputation as an artist was made by his black- and-white sketches of life in the trenches, which first appeared in The Bystander. His soldier characters became popular favourites, and a play, The Better 'Ole (1917), founded on the adventures of " Old Bill " and his friends, enjoyed a great success. Many of Bairnsfather's drawings were published in volumes entitled Fragments from France. He also produced Bullets and Billets (1916) and From Mud to Mufti (1919). In 1919 he started Fragments, a weekly comic paper.
BAKER, GEORGE PIERCE (1866- ), American educa-
tionist, was born at Providence, R. I., April 4 1866. He graduated from Harvard in 1887 and taught English there as instructor, assistant professor and, from 1905, as professor. His courses dealing with the theory of the drama were highly successful,
and his famous laboratory, known as the " 47 Workshop,"
afforded practical training for his students, many of whom
became well-known playwrights. In 1919 he was entrusted
with the preparation of a pageant to commemorate the tercen-
tenary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in the State
of Massachusetts. This pageant, "The Pilgrim Spirit," was
presented accordingly at Plymouth in Aug. 1921.
His works include Specimens of Argumentation (1893); Principles of Argumentation (1895); The Forms of Public Address (1904); The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist (1907); Some Un- published Correspondence of David Garrick (1907); The Correspond- ence of Charles Dickens and Maria Beadnell and Dramatic Technique (1919) and Modern American Plays (collected and edited with introduction, 1920).
BAKER, HERBERT (1862- ), English architect, was born in 1862, and educated at Tonbridge school. He was articled to Arthur Baker, and later entered the office of Sir Ernest George, where he remained as assistant for some years. He studied at the R.A. schools, and in 1889 was awarded the
