the War (Nelson) was an admirable piece of work. He wrote too some excellent tales of adventure, notably The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) and Greenmantle (1916). Later works include The South African Forces in France (1920), and a biography of Francis and Riversdale Grenfell (1920).
BUCKLE, GEORGE EARLE (1854–), English editor and
man of letters, was born at Tiverton-on-Avon, Som., June 10 1854 , eldest son of Canon George Buckle of Wells. He was
educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, being a
scholar of his college, and graduated first class both in literae
humaniores (1876) and in modern history (1877). He won the
Newdigate prize poem in 1875. In 1877 he was elected to a fellowship
at All Souls College, which he held until 1885. In 1880
he joined the staff of The Times; four years later, at the age of
thirty, he succeeded Thomas Chenery as its editor. This position
he occupied for nearly thirty years, retiring in Aug. 1912.
When Mr. Monypenny, the biographer originally entrusted
with the official Life of Disraeli, died in 1912 leaving his task
unfinished, Mr. Buckle took over the work of completing it;
under his authorship vol. 3 was published in 1914, vol. 4 in 1916,
and the concluding vols. 5 and 6 in 1920.
BUCKMASTER, STANLEY OWEN BUCKMASTER, 1st Baron
(1861–), English lawyer and politician, was born at Wandsworth
Jan. 9 1861. He was educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, and in 1884 was called to the bar, becoming a K.C.
in 1902. He entered politics as a Liberal, and in 1906 was
elected M.P. for Cambridge. In 1910 he lost his seat, but in
1911 was elected for the Keighley division of Yorks., and the
same year became counsel to Oxford University. In 1913 he
was made solicitor-general and knighted. He was from Sept.
1914 to May 1915 director of the Press Bureau. In the latter
year he was Lord Chancellor, being raised to the peerage, but was
displaced on the fall of the Asquith Government in 1916.
BUCKNER, SIMON BOLIVAR (1823–1914), American soldier and political leader (see 4.732), died in Munfordville, Ky., Jan. 8 1914. He was the last surviving major-general of the Confederacy and the then oldest living graduate of West Point.
BUCKNILL, SIR THOMAS TOWNSEND (1845–1915), English
judge, was born at Exminster April 18 1845, the son of Sir John Charles Bucknill (1817–1897), a famous mental specialist.
He was educated at Westminster school, and afterwards at
Geneva. He was called to the bar in 1868, became a Q.C. in
1885, and a bencher of the Inner Temple in 1891. From 1885
to 1899 he was recorder of Exeter. He sat as Conservative
member for Mid-Surrey from 1892 to 1899, in which year he
was raised to the bench and knighted. He died at Epsom
Oct. 4 1915.
BUDAPEST (see 4.734). In 1910 the civil pop. of Budapest was 863,735, showing an increase of 20.55% in the decade.
To this must be added a garrison of 16,636 men, making a
total pop. of 880,371. Of the total pop. 756,070 were Magyars,
78,882 Germans, 20,359 Slovaks and the small remainder was
composed of Poles, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croatians, Rumanians
and others. According to religion there were 526,175 Roman
Catholics, 9,428 Greek Catholics, 6,962 Greek Orthodox, 86,990
were Protestants of the Helvetic and 43,562 of the Augsburg
Confessions, 203,687 were Jews and the remainder belonged to
various other creeds. During the World War the extraordinary
increase in the population of Budapest diminished, the census
Jan. 1 1921 showing a pop. of 1,184,616.
In the years immediately preceding the war there were over 6,000 students at the university, and from 4,000 to 5,000 at the Polytechnic Institute. A new faculty of political economy was founded at the university in 1919, and the Geological and Meteorological Institutes are also of recent foundation.
The new Tisher rampart in Romanesque-Gothic transition style, with a bronze statue of St. Stephen, rises round the Matthias church. At the N. extremity of the fortress is the Gothic building of the National Archives, unfinished in 1921.
The development of Budapest came to a standstill during the war, and the lack of housing accommodation caused great distress among the increased population. The city suffered severely during the Bolshevist ascendancy, and many robberies were committed by the Rumanian troops who occupied it in disregard of the decisions of the other Allied Powers (see HUNGARY). Fortunately, the English, American and Italian missions prevented the sacking of the museums and art galleries. See Eugen Cholnoky, “The Geographical Position of Budapest,” Bulletin of the Hungarian Geographical Society, 1914–20, abridged.
BUDGE, SIR ERNEST ALFRED WALLIS (1857–), English
archaeologist, was born in Cornwall July 27 1857 and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he became Assyrian scholar and Tyrwhitt Hebrew scholar. In 1885 he became keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum, and he conducted excavations at Assuan, at Gebel Barkal on the island of Meroe (the site of the capital of ancient Ethiopia), at Nineveh and Der in Mesopotamia (1888–9) an d in the Sudan, when the ancient monuments on the banks of the Nile were threatened with inundation by the raising of the Assuan dam. His long list of publications includes
The Gods of Egypt (1903); The Egyptian Sudan (1907); The
Nile (1910; 12th ed. 1912); Literature of the Ancient Egyptians
(1914); By Nile and Tigris (1920), and very many others.
He was knighted in 1920.
BUENOS AIRES (see 4.752) continued to be in 1921 the largest city in Latin America, the largest city in the world south
of the equator and the fourth city in the two Americas, being
exceeded only by New York, Chicago and Philadelphia in the
order named. In total shipping, Buenos Aires ranks as the
second port in the two Americas, coming directly after New
York. The pop. in 1920 was 1,676,041, an increase of 486,379
or 38 %, since 1909, when Buenos Aires had 1,189,662 inhabitants,
and an increase since 1914 of 184,062, or 12 %. It will be
seen that the relative growth for the period 1914–20 was not
so great as previously. This is partly accounted for by the fact
that between 1914 and 1918 there was a balance against Argentina
in migration of 213,000 people; however, this movement
turned the other way in 1919, and in 1920 the balance resulted
in favour of Argentina by 39,800. A large proportion of immigrants
remain in Buenos Aires, in spite of the efforts of the
Argentine Government to distribute them. In 1919, only 6,675
building permits were granted, as against 19,538 in 1910.
The celebration of the Argentine Centenary in 1910 in Buenos Aires drew many visitors not only from all Argentina, but also from abroad. In 1913 new diagonal avenues were begun, the plan being to change the rectangular pattern which had been followed since the colonial period by cutting diagonal avenues through the city on the model of Washington and Paris. The two chief new ones were to radiate from the corners of the central Plaza de Mayo, formerly the chief central square of the city. In 1921 only about five blocks of each of these avenues had been completed, the World War putting a stop to the extensive expenditures upon the project, which involved the widening of alternate streets coming from the river and the demolition of many of the older parts of the city. The parkway lying between the city proper and the Rio de la Plata was greatly improved during the IQ years 1910–20, much land was reclaimed from the river, and a new post-office and custom-house were erected on this parkway, adding greatly to its beauty. The centenary gifts of various nations to Argentina now adorn important parts of Buenos Aires. Among them may be especially mentioned the handsome clock tower erected by the British colony at a cost of 50,000, which stands opposite the new railway station opened in 1916 (the largest railway station in South America), the statue of George Washington in Palermo Park erected by the U.S. colony, and other statues from the French, Syrian and other foreign communities. The statue erected by the Spanish colony in Palermo Park is particularly beautiful.
The Congress building was finished in 1912 and the park in front of it, the Plaza del Congreso, covering three city blocks, was opened for the centenary celebrations in 1910, over $500,000 having been spent.
Buenos Aires transacts approximately 80% of the entire foreign trade of the republic. It continues to be preeminently the banking, as well as the industrial, centre of the country. The first branch of a U.S. national bank ever established abroad was opened in Buenos Aires Nov. 10 1914, by the National City Bank of New York. Since then two other U.S. banking institutions have opened branches there. The number of U.S. business houses in Buenos Aires increased from 10 in 1910 to 80 in 1920, while the British and French firms and those representing other Allied countries also became more numerous. The war was very injurious to Germanmostly proofed
