According to official figures in 1921, the capital invested in the Canadian lumber industry was $231,203,247; the value of products $222,648,790, including sawn lumber $129,041,688. The capital invested in the Canadian pulp and paper industry in 1919 was $264,58 1 ,300 ; the production of paper having a value of $9 1 ,362 ,9 1 3 and of pulp $48,562,088.
Wild Animal Life. The establishment by the Government of parks and game and forest reserves or " sanctuaries " is of much importance in connexion with the conservation of the furry animals, the value of which may be gauged by the fact that the exports of Canadian furs of all kinds rose from $5,569,476 in 1914 to $13,737,621 in 1919. The constant expansion of the settled area has caused some kinds of fur-bearers to retreat farther into the woods; the clearing of the forests and the grazing of the natural coverts by domestic animals have destroyed their haunts and exposed them to their enemies ; and the draining of swampy areas has destroyed the homes of the musk- rat or musquash, the mink, the otter and the beaver. The fisher and the marten never seem to survive long near man's habitation. Even the fox, which appears to increase near human settlements, will decrease if the forests are wholly removed or burned. The official policy is to inject new social life, so to speak, into the communities of wild animals, protecting what were left by the fur-hunters, the ruth- less sportsmen and the Indians, and preserving and multiplying them under more favourable conditions for future generations. The park reserves for wild animals aggregate 10,000 sq. m. in extent.
Other undertakings on a more expansive scale will probably result from Government investigation and action. The wood buffalo or wild bison may be incorporated with the buffalo herds, and would probably improve the latter. The millions of caribou in the Yukon and adjacent territory and the musk-ox of the barren lands are likely to be nationalized and dealt with like other concessions for the benefit of the nation's meat larder. Domestic reindeer will be im- ported, as has been done in Alaska, and a cross with the caribou would probably produce a better variety than either. The mountain sheep is as capable of being domesticated as the reindeer, and the several thousand in existence in isolated flocks in British Columbia and Alberta may become herds. Animals of certain genera become tame when not hunted ; this is also true of wild geese, ducks, swans and quail, of which Canada was a wonderful breeding ground. There are further possibilities of dealing with bear, beaver, mink, marten and other animals according to their habits and habitat.
Fur-farming, one of the new industries of Canada, is only a new form of the old and once termed " honourable " business of fur- taking and fur-trading. The difference is that wild animals are now bred and reared in captivity for furs and for breeding stock. In Prince Edward I. fox-farming has made some fortunes, and the sales are included in the agricultural returns of the province ; the industry has been extended to New Brunswick, Quebec and British Columbia.
Fisheries. Commenting on Canadian fisheries, an official report points out that: " The fertility of Canadian waters is indicated by the fact that the entire catch of salmon, lobster, herring, mackerel and sardines, nearly all the haddock, and many of the cod, hake, and pollock landed are taken within 10 or 12 m. from shore." The coast-line of the Atlantic provinces from Grand Manan to Labrador, not including lesser bays and indentations, measures over 5,000 m., whilst the sea areas to which this forms the natural basin embrace: the Bay of Fundy 8,000 sq. m. in extent; the Gulf of St. Lawrence, fully ten times that size ; and other ocean waters aggregating not less than 200,000 sq. m. ; a total of over four-fifths of the fishing grounds of the N. Atlantic. In addition there are 15,000 sq. m. of inshore waters owned by the Dominion. Large as are these areas, they represent only a part of the fishing grounds of Canada. Hudson Bay, with a shore 6,000 m. in length, is larger than the Mediterranean; the Pacific coast of the Dominion measures over 7,000 m. long, and is exceptionally well sheltered for fishermen; and throughout the interior is a series of lakes which together cover 220,000 sq. m., or more than one-half the fresh water of the globe, Canada's share of the Great Lakes of the St. Lawrence basin covering 72,700 sq. miles.
The fisheries of the Atlantic are divided into deep-sea and inshore or coastal fisheries. Deep-sea fishing is pursued in vessels of from 40 to 100 tons, carrying crews of from 12 to 20 men. The method is " trawling " by hook and line. The fish taken are principally cod, haddock, hake, pollock and halibut. The inshore fishery is carried on in small boats, usually motor-driven, and in a class of small vessels with crews of from four to seven men.
All the provinces have fisheries departments, and these, along with the department of Ottawa, are endeavouring to conserve and develop the fisheries' resources to their utmost extent by means of hatcheries, cultural methods, investigation and restrictive regulations. It is estimated that between 1,000,000,000 and 1,500,000,000 of fish fry of one kind and another are annually planted in various waters from a large number of hatcheries. Long efforts have succeeded in bring- ing about a treaty to secure international regulations. The Scientific and Research Council has taken up the question of utilizing fish waste. There are over 300,000 tons of fish waste in Canada each year, of which perhaps half could be converted into nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers and protein foods for cattle, hogs and poultry.
The salmon (product valued at $15,595,970 in 1920) is obtained almost exclusively on the Pacific coast. Those taken in Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia resemble those of Great Bri-
tain and are regarded as superior for table use. Only one salmon in British Columbia, the steelhead, may be said to be closely allied to the eastern salmon, and it does not run in large numbers. Cod fishing ($6,270,171 in 1920) is largely prosecuted on the Atlantic coast and is one of the most useful and valuable of eastern fisheries. The lobster fishing ($7,152,455 in 1920) has been confined to Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I., New Brunswick and Quebec waters. It is the most extensive in the world, but shows signs of depletion. Her- ring fishing ($3,337,738 in 1920) is carried on quite extensively on both coasts. There is in the Great Lakes a fresh-water herring which is becoming popular throughout central Canada. Haddock, hake and pollock are extensively taken in the Atlantic deep-sea fishing. Halibut fishing ($4,535,188 in 1920) was once a most important in- dustry on the Atlantic seaboard, but its principal headquarters are now at Prince Rupert. Over-fishing is having its effect on the north- west coast and deep-sea fishermen are turning to kinds hitherto neg- lected. Sardines are abundant in British Columbia and New Brunswick waters, and in the latter province an extensive industry has been established, as in Norway and France, in tinning them. Mackerel are obtained in the Atlantic coast waters. Smelts are very plentiful on both coasts, but particularly in British Columbia waters, where another fish belonging to the salmonidae group, and much resembling it is the oulachon, or candle-fish. The Alaska black cod, when it can be obtained quite fresh or properly cured, is perhaps the most-prized fish on the Pacific coast.
Trout, which are included under a number of names, are taken in all the lakes and rivers from coast to coast, and, while they are not fished for commercially in the same way as other fish, find their way into the market in fair quantities during the season. The whitefish of the Great Lakes and other lakes of the northern interior is among the most valuable of the fresh-water varieties. Pickerel, pike and tullibee are other valuable fish very common in Canadian waters; pickerel is mainly confined to Ontario and Quebec. Other kinds of fish important in the aggregate are perch, bass, alewives, carp, maskinonge, sturgeon, shad and soles.
Oysters were formerly very abundant on the Atlantic coast, especially in Prince Edward I. waters, whose malpeques were famous, but over-fishing and disease have almost depleted the beds. Whaling is carried on extensively on the Pacific coast, where the Industry is concentrated on the west coast of Vancouver Island. In addition to whale oil, fertilizer and whale meat are sold as by- products. Edible clams are distributed widely over both coasts, but especially on the Pacific. According to the official figures, the total output of Canadian fisheries in 1920 was valued at $49,321,217, as against $33,103,748 in 1913. The increase was largely due to the increased food-demand caused by the war. Capital to the extent of $30,334,129 is represented in fish canning and preserving establish- ments, and $29,887,734 in vessels, boats, nets, etc., while about 87,070 people in all are employed.
Minerals. In 1906 the value of the total mineral production was $79,286,202 ; in 1917 it had risen to $89,646,821 and in 1920 to $217,- 775,080. The Canadian deposits of nickel and asbestos are among the most important in the world, yielding sufficient to control the market in these commodities. The chief mineral productions in 1920 were coal, nickel, gold, cement, copper, asbestos and silver.
The coal reserves of Canada are second in the Empire, amounting to 1,234,000,000,000 tons, of which over 1,000,000,000,000 tons are in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Owing to the long stretch between Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia which is coalless, Canada imports from the United States 50 % more coal than she produces. This will be remedied, in part at least, if experiments inaugurated and being carried out by the Dominion Government in 1921 are successful. There are vast deposits of lignite in Saskatchewan, too low in grade to be used as fuel in its present form, but which it has been proposed, at the instance of the Industrial Research Council, to carbonize and briquette for commercial use, laboratory tests having demonstrated its high fuel value. There are, too, enormous deposits of peat in the central and other areas of Canada, estimated, if convertible into compressed fuel, as equivalent to 5,000,000,000 tons of coal, and likely to afford many valuable by-products in addition. Experiments on a commercial scale were being carried on by the Government to this end also. Coal represented the largest mineral output in Canada in 1921, the total being valued at $77,000,000.
Iron occurs in large deposits in British Columbia, northern and central Ontario (especially in the Lake Superior region), in Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and probably also west of Hudson Bay about Great Bear and Slave Lakes, the tonnage already pro- duced being stated- in 1920 at over 365,000,000 tons. The fact that 96% of the iron ore smelted in Canadian blast furnaces in 1918 was imported was due to the ore of all accessible large deposits requiring special treatment (" beneficiation ") before being charged to the furnace ; there were two large beneficiary plants for this purpose in Ontario, but more such plants were needed before the iron-ore mining could attain its proper importance. Canada had nine blast furnaces with an aggregate daily capacity of 3,782 tons, and yet she imported in 1919 over 2,000.000 tons of ore. The Nova Scotia blast furnaces are fed from Newfoundland, and Ontario furnaces mainly from the iron-mines of the United States Lake Superior region.
The placer deposits of British Columbia were formerly the principal supply of gold in Canada, but had seriously declined in
