was nicknamed le capucin botte caused him to be regarded with suspicion, and in consequence he was designated for the command, in case of war, of the II. Army in Lorraine, which command, on the outbreak of hostilities in 1914, he assumed. With Gen. Dubail (I. Army) he was responsible for the operations of Aug. and Sept. 1914 in Lorraine. The first .offensive towards the Saar was unsuccessful, but his repulse of Prince Rupprecht's VI. Army on the heights of the Grand Couronne, in Aug. and Sept. 1914, not only saved Nancy but paved the way for the Marne victory. He was 'made grand officer of the Legion of Honour. In the be- ginning of the "Race to the Sea" (Sept.-Oct.) the II. Army staff and its leader took command of the forces that were pushed into the region between the Oise and the Somme, and fought a series of encounter battles which ended in the stabilization of the front. In 1915 he took command of the group of four armies which constituted the French Centre, and he was in charge of the French offensive in Champagne in the latter months of the same year. On Dec. 10 1915 he was appointed " major-general of all the armies," with the intention that he should be ad latus, and eventual successor of Joffre. But in practice, and partly as the result of political intrigue against him, Castelnau's role was reduced to that of occasionally representing the commander-in- chief. It was in this capacity that he went to Salonika in the winter of 1915-6 to inspect the condition of affairs there, and it was in this capacity also that he performed his greatest service to France when, summoned at a moment's notice to Verdun, he found the defence overpowered and disorganized by the sudden- ness of the German attack. The splendid part he played in steadying and inspiring the historic French resistance cannot easily be exaggerated. After a few days' work he was able to hand over the defence, systematized, reenforced and confident, to Petain. In Jan. 1917 after the appointment of Nivelle, many years his junior, to the chief command, he was sent on a mission to Russia. Returning in March of the same year he was given command of the eastern group of armies, and in this appointment he remained till the end of the war. In Sept. 1917 hewas awarded the medaille militaire. Political animosities alone prevented his being promoted to the dignity of Marshal of France, along with D'Esperey, Lyautey and Fayolle, in 1921.
CAVALRY: see MOUNTED TROOPS.
CAVE, GEORGE CAVE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1856- ), British politician and lawyer, was born in London Feb. 23 1856. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' school and St. John's College, Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1880. He practised at the Chancery bar, and in 1904 became a K.C. In 1906 he was elected Unionist M.P. for Kingston, and on the formation of the Coalition Government in 1915 was made Solicitor-General and knighted. He became Home Secretary in 1916 on the accession of Mr. Lloyd George to power, and in this capacity was very prominent in the debates in the House of Commons on the police strike of Aug. 1918. In Nov. 1918 he resigned office, and was created a viscount, becoming in Jan. 1919 a lord of appeal.
CAVELL, EDITH (1865-1915), British nurse, was born Dec. 4 1865 at Swardeston, Norfolk, the daughter of the Rev. Frederick
Cavell, vicar of that parish. She was educated at various schools
in England and in Brussels, and entered the London hospital as a
probationer in 1895. After five years at the hospital she was
successively night superintendent at the St. Pancras infirmary,
assistant superintendent at Shoreditch infirmary and matron at
the Ashton New Road district home, Manchester. In 1907 she
was appointed the first matron of the Berkendael medical institute, Brussels, a surgical and medical home founded by Dr.
de Page as a pioneer training school for Belgian secular nurses.
The institute became a Red Cross hospital on the outbreak of the
World War, in which Belgian, German, French and English
soldiers were nursed. From Nov. 1914 to July 1915 wounded
and derelict English and French soldiers and Belgians and French
of military age were hidden from the Germans and provided with
false papers by Prince Reginald de Croy at his chateau of Bellignie near Mons; thence conducted by various guides to the houses
of Edith Cavell, Louis Severin and others in Brussels, and furnished by them with money to reach the Dutch frontier and with
guides obtained through Philh'pe Baucq. On Aug. 6 Edith Cavell
was arrested at the Berkendael institute and sent to the prison
of St. Gilles. She made three depositions to the German police,
Aug. 8, 18, and 22, admitting that she had been instrumental in
conveying about 60 English and 15 French derelict soldiers and
about 100 French and Belgians of military age to the frontier
and had sheltered the greater number in her house. Thirty-five
persons were arrested. The court-martial was held, Oct. 7 and 8,
before Dr. Stoeber and five judges, and a Belgian lawyer, M.
Sadi Kirschen, defended Edith Cavell. On Oct. 9 Edith Cavell,
Louise Thuliez, Phillipe Baucq, Louis Severin and Countess
Jeanne de Belleville were secretly sentenced to death; and of the
remaining 30, 22 were sentenced to imprisonment and 8 acquitted.
On the loth the sentence was announced in secret to the prison-
ers. Gen. von Sauberzweig, the military governor of Brussels,
ordered that " in the interests of the State " the execution of the
death penalty against Baucq and Edith Cavell should be carried
out immediately. At 7 A.M. on Oct. 1 1 they were shot at the Tir
National, Brussels, in spite of the energetic attempts to secure
delay made by the American minister, the secretary of the Am-
erican legation and the Spanish minister, who first became aware
of the sentence during the night of the toth. The other three
were reprieved. These were the first death sentences imposed by
the Germans in Belgium for recruiting as opposed to espionage.
On May 15 1919 the body was removed to Norwich cathedral,
after a memorial service in Westminster Abbey. A memorial
statue, by Sir G. Frampton, is erected opposite the National
Portrait Gallery, London.
See The Case of Miss Cavell from the Unpublished Documents of the Trial, interpreted by Ambroise Got; Sadi Kirschen, Devant les Conseils de Guerre Allemands (1919); Correspondence with the United States Ambassador respecting the Execution of Miss Cavell at Brussels, Cd. 8013, Stationery Office (1915).
CAVIGLIA, ENRICO (1862- ), Italian general, was born at Finalmarina (Genoa) May 4 1862. He entered the artillery, and his early years in the army were spent between this branch of the service and the general staff, but on attaining his majority
he passed to the infantry arm. He served in Eritrea and in the
Italo-Turkish War and, as a captain of the general staff, was
attached to the Japanese army during the Russo-Japanese War.
In Feb. 1914 he was nominated vice-director of the Military
Geographical Institute in Florence. On Italy's entry into the
World War he served as a colonel on the general staff, and in
Aug. 1915 he was promoted to major-general and given com-
mand of the Bari Brigade. In June 1916 he took over the 29th
Div. and two months later was promoted lieutenant-general
" for war merit." In July 1917 he was given command of the
XXIV. Corps, which under his direction broke through the
Austrian lines on the Bainsizza plateau. After Caporetto he
took command of the VIII. Corps and subsequently of the X.,
and in June 1918, after the Austrian offensive on the Piave, he
was chosen to command the VIII. Army. Under his leadership
the VIII. Army played an important part in the final victory of
Vittorio Veneto. From Jan. to June 1919 Caviglia was Minister
of War, and as such became a senator, and in Nov. of the same
year he was promoted army general. In Jan. 1920 he took over
the command of the troops in Venezia Giulia, with headquarters
at Trieste. He had a very difficult task to perform, since the
discipline of the troops had been severely shaken by the example
of D'Annunzio's Fiume raid, and there was danger of trouble on
the frontier with the Yugoslavs. Caviglia restored discipline,
and showed both firmness and tact in dealing with these delicate
problems. When it became evident that only force would drive
D'Annunzio from Fiume he did not hesitate to carry out his task.
CECIL, LORD HUGH RICHARD HEATHCOTE (1869- ),
English politician (see 24.76), youngest son of the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, was born Oct. 14 1869, and was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford. He obtained a first class in history in 1891 and was elected a fellow of Hertford College. He gained his first insight into politics as one of his father's private secretaries, and was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for Greenwich in 1895. Ecclesiastical questions were
