Police. -The strength of the force on Dec. 31 1919 was 2,884 of all ranks. Statistics show an apparent increase of crime: there were 7.581 convictions in 1917, 8,328 in 1918, and 8,577 in I9 r 9. the largest number of convictions in each year being for burglary.
Revenue and Expenditure during the five years 1915-9 the financial year ending Sept. 30 were as follows:
Revenue Expenditure
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1915 Rs 51.545475 Rs. 50,148,000
1916 66,013,005 56,104,515
1917 . . . . . . 66,981,870 64,335,675
1918 63,933,628 64,944,549
1919 70,070,941 70,843,681
The principal sources of revenue in 1918 were: customs, Rs. 19,- 857,255; railways, 16,702,050; spirit licenses, 8,991,795; stamps, 5,732,985; port and harbour dues, 2,218,155; the salt monopoly; and sales of crown lands. Items of expenditure: railways, Rs. 12,746,895; public works, 8,218,935; interest and sinking fund on loans, 5,391,495; military, 4 668.060; medical department, 4,061.130; post and tele- graphs, 2.878,440; education, 2,580,930. The area of crown lands sold decreased from 32,832 ac. in 1913, to 6,019 ac. in 1918, but rose to 6,456 ac. in 1919 in which year the system of outright sale, instead of leasing in perpetuity, was reverted to.
Public Debt. At the close of the financial year 1919, the public debt stood at 5,142,268, or approximately one and one-tenth times the annual revenue.
Currency. On Sept. 30 1919 the value of currency notes in cir- culation was Rs. 40,533,042. The Ceylon Savings Bank had a sum of Rs. 4,089,722 to the credit of 39,706 depositors on Dec. 31 1919, as against Rs. 5,152,980 and 37,099 depositors in 1911.
Agriculture. It is estimated that about 3,000,000 ac. are under cultivation and 1,000,000 ac. under pasture. In 1918, coconut and other palms occupied approximately 1,226,000 acres, paddy 679,000, tea 506,000 and rubber 281,000. Livestock, in 1917, comprised 3,986 horses, 1,577,464 cattle, 86,103 sheep and 62,721 pigs. In 1919-20 considerable further areas were brought under paddy and dry grains in order to meet the serious shortage in the locally grown food supply then prevailing, while the area under rubber was reduced on account of the depression in the rubber market. Coffee, once a leading product, has practically disappeared from the list of exports. A decision to restrict, in 1920 and onwards, the production of tea by 20 % was come to owing to the glut in the home market.
Other Industries. Sub-committees were engaged in 1920 in investi- gating the possibility of establishing paper and glass manufactures for which the raw materials are available in great quantity; and the development of the fisheries of Ceylon (at present in a very primitive state) was still being studied in 1921. The Public Works Department continued to investigate the question of hydro-electric production for the supply of electricity to industries and railways.
Communications. The total mileage of railways was 728 in 1919, as against 712 in the previous year. The extension of the main up- country line by 21 m. to Badulla, the principal centre of the Uva province, was undertaken in 1920. The total length of roads was 4,086 m. of which 267 m. were mere bridle-tracks. At the end of 1919, there were 550 post-offices (including 160 telegraph) as com- pared with 444 in 1911.
Trade. The following table shows the value (in Rs. 1,000) in 1919 as compared with 1911 :
Imports Exports Total
1911 156,986 180,527 337.513
1919 239,324 367,055 606,379
The staple exports (values in lakhs of rupees) in 1919 were: rubber 1,321, tea 1,165, copra 323, coconut oil 257, desiccated coco- nut 249, and cinnamon 37. Of exports in 1919 the United King- dom took 42-1%, United States 33-5, British India 6-8; and of imports British India sent 30.4%, Burma 23-9 and United King- dom 14-2.
The following table gives in round numbers the exports of rubber and tea during the period 1916-9:
Rubber Tea
cwt. Ib.
1916 487,000 203,000,000
1917 646,000 195,000,000
1918 413,000 180,000,000
1919 900,000 208,000,000
Shipping. During 1919, 4,130 vessels (including 1,018 sailing craft) with a total tonnage of 9,988,176 (tonnage of sailing craft 103,413) entered the several ports of Ceylon. The distribution according to nationality was: British 6,467,584 tons, Japanese I.054.33 1 - French 317,776, Dutch 272,573, United States 87,499. The total tonnage entering Colombo amounted to 8,603,643.
CHAFFEE, ADNA ROMANZA (1842-1914), American soldier (see 5.800), died in Los Angeles, Cal., Nov. i 1914.
CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836-1914), British statesman, died at Highbury, Birmingham, July 2 1914. From 1910 onwards, as for the three or four years previously, after he had been
struck down by illness in 1906, Mr. Chamberlain remained in the
political background, personally crippled, but intellectually an abiding source of strength to his old political followers, who
continued to cherish his inspiration and to work for his ideals
in the development of a united British Empire. Since they were
now in opposition, the cause of tariff reform and imperial
preference was no longer one of practical politics, and after the
outbreak of the World War the conditions which had produced
this active movement in 1903 were substantially altered. Nevertheless, it fell to Mr. Chamberlain's son, Austen Chamberlain,
as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1919, after hip father's death,
to include imperial preference in the budget of that year, and
thus to carry this part of his programme to victory.
In 1916 Mr. Chamberlain's widow married Canon W. H. Carnegie, rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and chaplain to the House of Commons.
CHAMBERLAIN, (JOSEPH) AUSTEN (1863- ), English statesman, eldest son of Joseph Chamberlain (see 5.817) by his first wife, Harriet Kenrick, was born at Birmingham on Oct. 10
1863. He proceeded from school at Rugby to Trinity College,
Cambridge, his father having determined to secure for the eldest
son, whom he destined for politics, those academic advantages
which early entrance on a business career had denied to himself
when a young man. After a good degree at Cambridge and a
useful apprenticeship in speaking at the Union, Austen Chamberlain completed his studies at the Ecole des Sciences in Paris,
and at the university in Berlin, where he attended the lectures
of Treitschke. But valuable as this training was for the profession
of politics, it was secondary to the advantages of daily contact
with living issues which he enjoyed by growing up beneath the
roof of perhaps the most compelling political personality of the
day. He entered the House of Commons at a by-election in E.
Worcestershire in 1892. He was returned again at the General
Election in July, and in the following year, as junior Liberal
Unionist Whip, he was to witness the slow slaughter of the
Second Home Rule Bill after nearly 90 days' debate, in which
Joseph Chamberlain was the protagonist. When Joseph Chamberlain became in 1895 Colonial Secretary under Lord Salisbury,
his son became Civil Lord of the Admiralty. For five years, until
1900, Austen Chamberlain held this office, with Lord Goschen as
First Lord; and although he was not called upon to speak often
in the House, he succeeded in impressing his chief, and the permanent officials, with the integrity of his character and his solid
grasp of mind. Wearing a single eye-glass like his father, and
resembling him otherwise outwardly, critics would look for deeper
resemblances too. But " Joe's " genius was his own; and Austen's
strong gifts came to be recognized as none the less remarkable
because they chanced to differ widely from his father's. The
S. African War was virtually over when in Oct. 1900 the " Khaki"
General Election took place; and upon Lord Salisbury's return
to power Austen Chamberlain became Financial Secretary to
the Treasury, with Hicks-Beach as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
War finance explained the increased burdens of that year, and the
2d. rise in the Income Tax of the budget of 1901. But the most
significant financial change appeared in the budget of 1902, when
the is. a quarter duty upon imported corn was revived.
In the following summer Lord Salisbury resigned, and in the reconstruction following Mr. Balfour's accession to the post of Prime Minister, Austen Chamberlain entered the Cabinet for the first time as Postmaster-General. Peace in S. Africa had been declared; a season of reconstruction had now set in; and Joseph Chamberlain took advantage of the lull to visit the S. African colonies, so recently won and secured. It was on his return in 1903, only to find that a majority of the Cabinet had been converted in his absence to a remission of the tax on corn, which had been destined by him and his son as a weapon, however elementary, for forging Imperial unity for by reducing it upon corn from the Colonies they had hoped to inaugurate a fiscal preference with the Dominions overseas that the Tariff Reform movement was initiated by Joseph Chamberlain, with the result that in Sept., after launching the Tariff Reform League in the summer, he resigned from the Government. His son, however, joined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Exchequer, technically a higher office than his father had ever held.
