Shipping remained mainly in British hands, though between 1905 and 1913 German shipping increased by 60%. In that year British shipping was 66 and German 18% of the total. After 1914 the shipping was almost wholly British and Portuguese. In 1917 the vessels cleared numbered 736. The Union of South Africa maintains an agency at Lourenço Marques.
The Manual of Portuguese East Africa (1920), a British Admiralty publication, gives useful information in respect to the relations of Delagoa Bay to the Transvaal. (F. R. C.)
DE LA GORGE, PIERRE (1846–), French historian, was born at Vannes June 29 1846. He devoted himself to the study in particular of the history of the 19th century, and produced various works of much learning, the chief being Histoire de la Seconde République Française (1887), Histoire du Second Empire (1896–1905) and Histoire religieuse de la Révolution (1909). He was in 1914 elected a member of the French Academy, and in 1918 published a monograph, Deux Frères: Andre et Pierre de Gailhard-Bancal.
DELAND, MARGARET WADE (1857- ), American writer,
was born at Allegheny, Pa., Feb. 23 1857. She studied in private schools and at Cooper Union in New York, and for a time was a
teacher of drawing. She lived in Boston after her marriage in
1880. She appeared as a writer of graceful verse in The Old
Garden (1887), and in 1888 attracted wide attention with her
first novel, John Ward Preacher. This story resembles in theme
Mrs. Humphry Ward's Robert Elsmere, at that time a centre
of discussion. In all her works she deals with religious and social
questions, and at first evoked protest in some quarters. Her
method is perhaps best seen in Sidney (1891); Philip and His
Wife (1894); The Awakening of Helena Richie (1906) and The
Iron Woman (1911). Her numerous works include The Story
of a Child (1892); Old Chester Tales (1899); Dr. Lavendar's
People (1903 in Dr. Lavendar some have seen a character
comparable with Goldsmith's Dr. Primrose); Partners (1913);
The Rising Tide (1916); and The Promises of Alice (1919)1 the
romance of a New England parsonage.
DE LA REY, JACOBUS HERCULES (1847-1914), Boer soldier (see 7.944), who was concerned in the rebellion headed by Col. Maritz (see SOUTH AFRICA), was shot dead by a police patrol at Johannesburg, Sept. 15 1914.
DELAUNAY-BELLEVILLE, LOUIS (1843-1912), French en- gineer, was born at Corbeil Nov. 20 1843. Educated at St. Barbe and the Ecole Polytechnique, he entered the Naval Engineering school in 1864 and in 1867 left to join the Belleville works at St. Denis, near Paris. He became a partner and finally head of the firm which produced the well-known Belleville boilers (see 4.145), and also the automobile called by his name. From 1890 he was president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce. He died at Cannes Feb. 10 1912.
DELAWARE (see 7.947). In 1920 the pop. was 223,003, as compared with 202,322 in 1910, an increase of 20,681, or 10-2%. The number per sq. m. in 1920 was 113-5; in 1910, 103. In 1920 the native whites constituted 77-5% of the total, foreign-born whites 8-9%, and negroes 13-6%. Of 10,508 illiterates in 1920, 4,700 were negroes, 3,373 foreign-born whites, and 2,427 native whites. In 1920 for the first time the urban pop. exceeded the rural; urban 120,817, or 54'2%, rural 102,186, as compared with 97,085 or 45-8%, and 105,237 respectively in 1910. The change was due chiefly to the growth of Wilmington, as Kent and Sussex counties remained strongly agricultural. One county, Newcastle, showed an increase, the other two decreases. Wilmington, a centre of war-time manufactures, had in 1920 a pop. of 110,168, as compared with 87,411 in 1910, an increase of 22,757, or 26%. The pop. of the other chief towns in 1920 was as follows: Dover, the state capital, 4,042; Newcastle, 3,854; and Milford, 2,753.
Manufactures. Delaware, especially Wilmington and the upper end of the state, was influenced by the great industrial activity of the World War period. Most noteworthy was the part taken by the duPont powder interests in supplying the needs of the Allies. The following table gives interesting com- parisons between the pre-war period and the year following the Armistice.
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Number of establishments Proprietors and firm
members . . . . Salaried employees Wage earners (average
number) . . . .
Capital
Salaries
Wages . . . . . Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manu- facture
1919
668
593 3,344
29,035 $^148,207,598 7,709,068 37,265,319
85432,938 165,073,009
1914 808
735 2,643
22,155 $69,323,927 3,399,568 11,382,160 31,649,265 56,034,966
/pop 726
722
2,024
21,238 $60,905,671 2,322,329
10,295,596 30,937,801 52,839,619
79,640,076 24,385,701 21,901,818
In 1919 the principal industries were leather, pulp goods, cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railway companies, iron and steel, canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, and foundry and machine-shop products.
Agriculture. After the passage of the Agricultural Extension Act (1911) the most significant movement was the develop- ment of cooperative associations, and especially (1918-21) the rapid growth of the Farm Bureau movement. In 1920 the num- ber of farms was 10,140, as compared with 10,836 in 1910, a decrease of 696, or 6-4%. The preceding decade had shown an increase of 1,149, or U'9%- The value of all crops for Dela- ware, in 1919, was $23,058,906. The total value of cereals was $9,638,010; of hay and forage crops $4,366,174; of vegetables, including potatoes, $6,271,714; and of fruits and nuts $2,566,807. As compared with 1909, the total value of all crops showed an increase of 166-6%; cereals 105-4%; vegetables 242-2%; and fruits and nuts 188-3%. These figures, of course, reflect the changed price level. The production of strawberries for 1919 was 4,362,473 qt., of apples 606,286 bus., of peaches 227,375 bus., and of grapes 1,445,121 pounds. The total value of live stock, horses, mules, cattle, swine, in 1919 was $7,373,260; of dairy products, excluding " cheese sold " (not reported), $2,442,253.
Education. The most distinctive development in the decade be- ginning in 1910 was in the field of education. There was much dis- cussion of educational matters, and an aroused public interest led to various measures for the strengthening of the public-school system. In 1913, a summer school was established for the training of teachers, and four years later the state agreed to pay the expenses of teachers in attendance. In 1913, also, the Women's College of Delaware was founded, affiliated with Delaware College, with the same president and board of trustees and in part the same faculty, but entirely separate in buildings, classes, and student organization. Delaware College showed rapid expansion. It had property worth $1,800,000 (1921), and an income of $382,000 (1920). The enrol- ment (1921) was 478,178 women and 300 men, not counting 80 ex-service men in vocational agricultural work. After 1913, following reorganization and reincorporation, the college was solely a state institution. In 1917 a commission was appointed to investigate educational conditions, and to recommend plans for unifying, re- vising and developing the public-school system of the state. The commission employed the General Education Board of New York to make this survey, and the results, when presented to the Legisla- ture in 1919, were crystallized in the " New School Code." The advantages claimed were: (i) the codification of the whole body of school law; (2) definite and fixed responsibility of school officials; (3) a modern and fairer system of taxation; (4) a carefully graded system of schools; and (5) a normal school year of 180 days for pupils from 7 to 14 years of age. The whole plan centred in a state Board of Education, composed of five members, with a state commissioner subordinate to them. Also, there were county boards and county superintendents in each of the three counties. In 1920, however, this system was considerably modified in the direction of lower taxation and greater local control, and in 1921, because of these influences, the ultimate fate of the Code seemed very uncertain. Wilmington grew so rapidly that its government, utilities, educational institutions, etc., were no longer adequate to its needs. In 1921 the city schools were surveyed under the direction of the national Bureau of Education and many needed reforms pointed out. At the same time proposals were being made for a new charter, provid- ing for a commission form of government and a city manager.
Finances and Taxation. The state system of finances and taxation underwent considerable modification and extension. After 1917, Delaware raised and spent about $i ,500,000 annually. For a num- ber of years previously the state's expenditures exceeded the rev- enues, but at the close of 1918 the balance in the general fund was $533,692.89, and on Jan. I 1920 the balance was $1,367,733.57. This swift change was due both to the creation of new sources of revenue and to the increased returns from old sources, especially the latter. The railway tax was established in 1897, the
