different route. The Canadian tour ended at Ottawa, and on Nov. 10 the Prince left for Washington to pay a short official visit to the President of the United States. New York was subsequently visited, and after a long series of official engage- ments, the Prince sailed for Halifax, where he bade good-bye to Canada, and reached Portsmouth on Dec. i.
After a short stay in England the Prince sailed again in' H.M.S. " Renown," on March 16 1920, for New Zealand and Australia. The first port of call was Barbados, and then, passing through the Panama Canal, short visits were paid to San Diego (Cal.), Honolulu and Fiji, Auckland being reached on April 24 after a voyage of 14,000 miles. A month was spent in New Zealand, visiting all parts of the North and South Is., and on May 26 the Prince landed at Melbourne. During his stay in Australia he visited all states of the Commonwealth, and eventually sailed from Sydney harbour on Aug. 19. On the return journey stops were made at Fiji, Samoa, Honolulu and Acapulco, and, after passing once again through the Panama Canal, three weeks were spent in the West Indies. The last port of call was Bermuda, and H.M.S. " Renown " eventually reached Portsmouth on Oct. n 1920. The Prince received a magnificent reception on his arrival in London, and, as had been done on his return from Canada and the United States, the conclusion of his world-tour was celebrated by the King and Queen at a banquet at Buckingham Palace, and the Prince was shortly afterwards entertained by the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall, where he gave an account of his travels.
After a brief holiday, spent for the greater part in the hunt- ing-field, he resumed his public duties after Christmas, 1920. During the first six months of 1921 H.R.H. was occupied chiefly in London, but found time to visit, among other places, Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow and the Clyde; his Duchy of Cornwall property in Devon, Cornwall and the Scilly Is.; Cardiff, Newport and Bristol. On June 23 1921 the Prince spent part of his 27th birthday with 1,000 East End children who were entertained by the Fresh Air Fund in Epping Forest. On Oct. 26 he sailed in the "Renown" on a State visit to India.
EDWARDES, GEORGE (1852-1915), English theatrical mana- ger, was born in Ireland Oct. 8 1852. He was educated for the army but deviated into theatrical business and became manager successively to Michael Gunn at the Theatre Royal, Dublin, and to D'Oyley Carte at the Savoy theatre, London. In 1885 he joined John Hollingshead at the Gaiety theatre, London, and the next year took over the sole management of that theatre, which he ran with striking success up to the time of his death. He also built and managed Daly's theatre, was managing director of the Empire theatre and at different times acted as manager, or producer, at a number of other London theatres. Incidentally he was well known as an owner of race- horses. He died in London Oct. 9 1915, never having quite recovered from the effects of confinement in Germany, where he was interned on the outbreak of the war.
EDWARDS, ALFRED GEORGE (1848- ), first Archbishop of Wales, was born at Llanymawddwy Nov. 2 1848, and was edu- cated at Jesus College, Oxford. He was ordained curate of Llandingat, Carmarthen, in 1874, and became warden and head- master of the college, Llandovery, in 1875, holding this position until 1885, when he accepted the living of Carmarthen. In 1889 he became bishop of St. Asaph. In 1920, after the dis-establishment of the Welsh Church, of which measure he had been one of the most active opponents, he was created Archbishop of Wales, and was enthroned by the Archbishop of Canterbury at St. Asaph cathedral June i.
Amongst his publications may be mentioned The Church in Wales (1888); Common- Sense Patriotism (1894); and Landmarks in Welsh Church History (1912).
EDWARDS, ENOCH (1852-1912), British Labour politician, was born at Talk-o'-the Hill, Staffs., April 10 1852. He was the son of a pitman, and worked as a boy in a coal-mine. In 1870 he became treasurer of the North Staffordshire Miners' Association and was elected secretary to the same body in 1877. In 1884 he went to Burslem, where he became a member of the school board and town council in 1886, and later he became alderman and mayor. In 1880 he became president of the Midland Miners' Association; he was later president of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and a member of ^he Staffordshire county council. He was elected to Parliament in the Labour interest as member for Hanley in 1906. He died at Southport June 28 1912.
EDWARDS, JOHN PASSMORE (1824-1911), English newspaper proprietor and philanthropist, was born at Blackwater, Corn., in 1824, the son of a carpenter, and was mainly self- educated. In 1844 he became London representative in Manchester of the Sentinel, an anti-Corn Law weekly newspaper. A year later he went to London and began lecturing, together with the practice of journalism, starting several small periodicals which in succession failed, until in 1862 he bought the Building News, which by 1866 had made a handsome profit. In 1876 he bought the London halfpenny evening newspaper, the Echo, and controlled it for 20 years. He was an ardent peace advocate, and supported a number of humanitarian and phil- anthropic objects, endowing various libraries and other in- stitutions which bore his name, notably the settlement in Tavistock Place, Bloomsbury, now called, in memory of Mrs. Humphry Ward, the Mary Ward Settlement. He also founded a Passmore Edwards scholarship at Oxford for the conjoint study of English and classical literature. He published privately an autobiography, A Few Footprints (2nd ed. 1906). He died in London April 22 1911.
See E. Harcourt Burrage, /. Passmore Edwards (1902).
EFFICIENCY ENGINEERING: see SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
EGGLESTON, GEORGE CARY (1830-1911), American journal- ist and author (see 9.17), died in New York April 14 1911.
EGYPT (see 9.21). Turkish suzerainty over Egypt was formally abolished in Dec. 1914 when a British protectorate was proclaimed, while the acquisition of Tripoli and Cyrenaica by Italy and the establishment of Palestine as a separate state under a British mandate cut Egypt off from all territorial connexion with the Turkish Empire.[1]
Population. At the census of March 1917, the inhabitants numbered 12,750,918, as contrasted with 11,287,359 in 1907, an increase of 12-9% (compared with an increase of 14-9% for 1897-1907). The number of foreigners in the country in 1917 was 238,661, a figure which owing to war conditions did not represent the normal foreign population. While the area of Egypt is some 350,000 sq. m., the cultivated and settled area the Nile valley and delta covers only 12,226 sq. m., and in this restricted area the inhabitants in 1917 exceeded 1,000 per sq. mile. The number of nomads and semi-nomads was estimated at 452,263. The pop. of the chief towns in 1917 was: Cairo, 790,939; Alexandria, 444,617; Port Said (including Ismailia), 91,090; Tanta, 74,195; Mansura, 49,238. Classified by religions there were in Egypt in 1917: Moslems, 11,658,148; Copts, 854,778; other Christians, 155,168; Jews, 59,581, and " others," 23,243. On July i 1919 the pop. was calculated at 12,878,000.
General Economic Conditions. By 1911 the State finances had recovered from the effect of the economic crisis of 1907 a crisis due to over-speculation and extravagance following a period of much prosperity. But at the opening of 1914 the liabilities left over from 1907 still weighed heavily on private finance. The outbreak of the World War in Aug. 1914, just when the cotton crop was about to be harvested, threatened once more to place
- ↑ The question as to how far Egyptian territory extended along the Mediterranean W. of the Nile was settled in 1911. The Italians upon declaring war on Turkey in that year proclaimed a blockade of the coast as far E. as Ras el Kanais, thus reviving the Turkish claim as to the limits of Cyrenaica. The British Government on behalf of Egypt protested, maintaining that, as both Turkey and Italy had been notified in 1904, Egyptian territory extended to the Gulf of Sollum, 150 m. W. of Ras el Kanais. In this contention Italy acquiesced and the frontier between Italian territory (Cyrenaica) and Egypt was fixed at the head of the Gulf of Sollum, the small port of that name being left to Egypt. The British Government further announced that inland they regarded the oasis of Jarabub as part of Egypt. In 1919, however, it was agreed to transfer Jarabub to the Italian sphere (see SENUSSI AND SENUSSITES).
