unless to the confidence engendered by knowledge he joins an instinctive appreciation of the situation. It is the possession of this last faculty which has distinguished all great cavalry leaders. It is a plant which is indigenous to a certain soil only, and the components of that soil are knowledge, confidence and dash. (R. G. H.-V.)
MOUNT STEPHEN, GEORGE STEPHEN, 1ST BARON (1829- 1921), Canadian financier (see 18.942), died at Brocket Hall, Hatfield, Herts, Nov. 29 1921.
MOVING OR MOTION PICTURES: see CINEMATOGRAPH.
MUIR, JOHN (1838-1914), American naturalist and writer, was born at Dunbar, Scotland, April 21 1838. When he was n years old his father moved to America and settled as a pioneer farmer in Wisconsin. Here the boy grew up taking an active part in clearing his father's land. When 22 years old he entered the university of Wisconsin, where he supported himself by teaching and working on farms during vacation. After finishing his course he began his wanderings on foot which carried him through many states. Later he crossed to Cuba, and thence to Panama and up the Pacific coast to California. In 1868 he first entered the Yosemite Valley which for many years after formed the base of his continued expeditions. In 1876 he joined the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and three years later made his first visit to Alaska where he discovered the glacier that now bears his name. He was specially interested in glaciation and in the Sierra discovered numerous residual glaciers. In 1881 he took part in the expedition in search of the " Jeanette " and the De Long party in the Arctic region. He was an early advocate of national parks, and it was largely due to his efforts that the Yosemite Park was set aside in 1890. In 1903 he set out on a tour covering the Caucasus, Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, India, Australia and New Zealand; in 1911 he went to S. America to explore the Amazon; and in 1912 he visited Africa. He died at Los Angeles, Cai., Dec. 24 1914.
He published The Mountains of California (1894); Our National 'Parks (1901) ; Stickeen (1909, the story of a dog) ; My First Summer in the Sierra (1911); The Yosemite (1912) and The Story of My Boyhood and Youth (1913). In 1888 he edited Picturesque California. The following appeared posthumously: Unpublished Prose and Letters (1915); Travels in Alaska (1915); Letters to a Friend (1915); A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916); The Cruise of the Corwin (1917) and Steep Trails (1918).
See also The Writings of John Muir (1916), 6 vols., edited by William Frederic Bade.
MUIRHEAD, ALEXANDER (1848-1920), British physicist, was born at Salton, E. Lothian, May 26 1848 and was educated at University College school, London, passing on to University College, whence he subsequently graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1868-9, but before doing so he entered his father's works and there invented a method of testing condensers, afterwards widely accepted. In 1870 he became a fellow of the Chemical Society, and in 1872 graduated D.Sc. of London in electrical science. He was an original member of the Physical Society of London (1874) and a member of the Societe Francaise Physique. In 1875 he invented the duplex plan for working Atlantic cables described in 26.518. His siphon recorder (see 26.523) is now in general use. Attendance at a lecture on Hertzian waves given by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Royal Institu- tion in 1894 resulted in the Lodge-Muirhead syntonic system (see 26.538), which anticipated Marconi. The original idea was Lodge's but Muirhead supplied the practical science required to work it out. He started cable works of his own at Elmer's End, Kent, in 1896, and gave valuable evidence before the commission appointed to inquire into the possibility of laying a Pacific cable. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1904 and died at Shortlands, Kent, Dec. 13 1920.
MÜLLER, HERMANN (1876- ), German Socialist leader, was born May 18 1876 at Mannheim. From 1899 to 1906 he was editor of the Socialist newspaper, the Gorlitzer V olkszeitung, and from 1906 onwards was a member of the directing board of the German Social Democratic party. From 1916 to 1918 he was a member of the Reichstag. On Aug. i 1914 he went to Paris on a desperate mission with the object of finding out whether international action by the Socialists of France and Germany could be initiated in order to avert the World War. His mission was unsuccessful, and he had great difficulty in making his way back to Germany through the French lines. His report of his mission did much to determine the attitude of the German Social Democrats in voting in the Reichstag for the first war credit. On June 21 1919 he was appointed Minister of the Reich for Foreign Affairs under the chancellorship of Gustav Bauer and in this capacity went to Versailles and with the Colonial Minister, Bell, signed the Peace Treaty for Germany on June 29 1919. After the resignation of the Bauer Ministry, which followed upon the Kapp coup d'etat (March 1920), Miiller was appointed Chancellor of the Reich, an office which he held till the following June, when the result of the general elections for the Reichstag necessitated the formation of a Coalition Ministry with Fehrenbach of the Catholic Centre party as Chancellor. Thereafter Miiller continued to play a leading part in the affairs of the Social Democratic party.
MUN, ADRIEN ALBERT MARIE DE, COUNT (1841-1914), French politician (see 19.1), was an energetic advocate of the Three Years Service law of 1913, and his support of the Barthou Ministry during the passage of this measure was very valuable. He published various pamphlets and volumes of speeches, the last being La Guerre de 1914. He died at Bordeaux Oct. 6 1914.
MUNITIONS OF WAR. Under this heading, while it would be impracticable to refer to what was done by all the belligerent countries, the organization of the production of munitions during the World War by the United Kingdom and in the United States, on the one hand, and by the Central Powers on the other, is dealt with. Its history in the United Kingdom is told first.
I. UNITED KINGDOM
The Problem. When the British army of six divisions took the field in 1914 it possessed about 900 field guns, less than 200 field howitzers, about 60 heavier weapons of 6-in. and upwards and perhaps about 200 obsolescent types, such as the 4'7-in.and the 85-pdr. howitzer, a reserve of ammunition of less than a million rounds weighing some 20,000 tons, and less than 2,000 machine- guns. By the end of 1918, the army had received 10,000 field guns, 6,000 other light guns, over 3,000 field howitzers and 7,500 heavier guns and howitzers; 217 million rounds of artillery ammunition weighing 55 million tons and nearly 225,000 ma- chine-guns.
The revolution in the material means of waging war was one which none of the belligerents entirely foresaw. It is true that the German and, to a less extent, the French army had munition reserves on a vastly greater scale than the British; but Germany counted upon a short war, and as she had not made adequate preparation for a continuous industrial effort, her armies were strictly rationed in 1915 while her resources were being mo- bilized. France was quick to appreciate the significance of the bombardments of the early battles, and in Oct. 1914. set ma- chinery in motion for organizing her industrial resources under the direction of M. Thomas, who was appointed Under-Secre- tary for War in charge of munitions. For this task France had available a large number of expert officers who had passed through the arsenals, and these were placed in charge of districts in which they combined inspection with control of supplies.
Great Britain, on the other hand, was for various reasons slower to realize the change that had occurred, and in any case had a much smaller trained personnel and equipment for producing land munitions than the continental Powers. The Royal Ordnance Factories were, of course, at once set to work at fullest pressure and in October very large orders were placed with the armament firms who were given very wide instructions to expand their production. Mr. Ernest Moir was also sent to France to report on the schemes of the French Government. But time was needed to enable the situation to be seen in true perspective, for Great Britain was faced not merely with the task of providing a new and unprecedented scale of equipment, but also with the need of enlarging the expeditionary force into a continental army. On this last point opinion was slowly changing during the winter of 1914, but even in the
