surrender of territory in the N., Germany's northern limit was restricted to 55 18' N. The restoration of Alsace and Lorraine to France, however, only shifted the western frontier eastwards to an inconsiderable extent.
By the territorial alterations effected under the Treaty of Versailles, the extent of the German coast line, which previously amounted to not quite one-third of the entire frontier-line of the country, was diminished by the territories assigned to Denmark and Poland and by the districts apportioned to the free town of Danzig and the Memel district. In addition, the important seaports of Danzig and Memel were lost to Germany. As regards the frontiers dividing one country from another, the most important differences are that, in the W., since the separation of Alsace and Lorraine, the Rhine has become, to a great extent, the frontier-line between France and Germany, and that in the E., owing to the formation of the state of Poland and the establish- ment of the independence of the so-called border states, there is no longer any direct connexion between Germany and Russia. In the W., Germany is bounded by Holland, Belgium, Luxem- burg and France; in the S., by Switzerland, Austria and Czecho- slovakia; the eastern frontier is formed by Poland.
The extent of the reconstituted German Reich within these borders amounts to 473,314-9 sq. km., as compared with the 540,857-5 sq. km. of the German Empire before the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles. The number of large towns (of over 25,000 inhabitants) had been diminished by 10, namely Strass- burg, Metz, Miilhausen, Danzig, Posen, Bromberg, Thorn, Graudenz, Hohensalza and Gnesen. The number of inhabitants of the ceded territories, according to the census of Dec. 1910, was 5, 579,912.
Of the self-contained river basins formerly belonging to the Empire (Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Oder, Vistula, Pregel, Memel and Danube), the basins of the Vistula and Memel, as well as the Rhine, were affected by the Treaty of Versailles. The Vistula was completely cut off from the waterways of the German Reich, and practically nothing but the mouth of the Memel remained in its possession.
Population. The pop. of the German Empire, which was 41,- 058,792 in 1871, had increased in 1910 to 64,925,993. Table I shows the distribution of area and population at the census of Dec. I 1910, among the 26 states:
TABLE I. States of the Empire,
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State
Area
(sq. km.)
Population
Prussia ...
348,779
40,165,219
Bavaria . .
75,870
6,887,291
Saxony ...
14.992
4,806,661
Wiirttemberg
19-507
2,437.574
Baden ....
15,070
2,142,833
Hesse ....
7,688
1,282,051
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
13,126
639,958
Saxe-Weimar
3,610
417,149
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2,929
106,442
Oldenburg ...
6,429
483,042
Brunswick ...
3,672
494.339
Saxe-Meiningen .
2,468
278,762
Saxe-Altenburg .
1,323
216,128
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha .
1,976
257,177
Anhalt ....
2,299
331,128
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
862
89,917
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
941
100,702
Waldeck ...
1,121
61,707
Reuss (elder line)
316
72,769
Reuss (younger line) .
826
152,752
Schaumburg-Lippe
340
46,652
Lippe ....
1,215
150,937
Lubeck ...
297
116,599
Bremen ...
256
299,526
Hamburg ...
414
1,014,664
Alsace-Lorraine .
14,521
1,874,014
German Empire ....
540,857
64,925,993
In the middle of 1914 the pop. was estimated at 67,790,000. The war, however, broke this tale of progress. The number of males killed in the war during 1914-8 is estimated at 1,800,000. A de- crease in the birth-rate became more and more marked from the first quarter of 1915 onwards; and the death-rate of the civil popula- tion, notably in 1918-9 in consequence of the influenza pandemic, attained an alarming figure. By the loss of territory under the Peace Treaty a pop. of nearly 6 millions was separated from Germany.
The result was that, in the census of Oct. 8 1919, the pop. of the reconstituted German Reich was shown to be 60,837,579. Of these, 28,982,137 were male and 31,855,442 female. The abnormal dis- crepancy in the relative numbers of the sexes (1,000 men to 1,099 women) was due to the war. In 1910 there had been only 1,026 women to 1,000 men.
Under the new constitution of the German Reich, the German Republic was composed of 18 territories (Lander). The distribution of the population over these territories at the end of 1920, according to the 1919 census, is shown in Table II.
TABLE II. Population by Territories, 1920.
Territory
Male
Female
Total
Per sq.km.
Prussia
18,017,360
19,647,653
37,665,013
127
Bavaria
3,394,270
3,746,063
7-140,333
93
Saxony
2,168,065
2,495,233
4,663,298
3"
Wiirtteniberg
1,195,144
1,323,629
2,518,773
129
Baden
1,051,405
1,157,098
2,208,503
146
Thuringia .
712,474
795,551
1,508,025
128
Hesse ....
616,521
674,467
1,290,988
1 68
Hamburg .
493,260
557,099
!, 050,359
2,534
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
317,400
339,930
657,330
50
Oldenburg .
250,623
267,142
517,765
80
Brunswick .
226,400
254,199
480,599
131
Anhalt
I57,7io
173,548
331,258
144
Bremen
148,466
162,800
311,266
1,214
Lippe ....
7i,"7
83,201
154,318
127
Liibeck
57,539
63,029
120,568
405
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
51,170
55,224
106,394
36
Wafdeck . .
31,065
35,367
66,432
59
Schaumburg-Lippe .
22,148
24,209
46,357
136
German Reich
28,982,137
v, 855,442
60,837,579
128
In the same area which showed, in 1920, a pop. of 60,837,579 there had been, in 1910, one of 59,346,081. The increase, therefore, amounted to 2-5 %; but as regards males there was a decrease of I %. During this period the growth of the population as a whole was great- est in the towns and the industrial districts. Apart from the three cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, and their territories, Saxony was in 1920 the most densely populated territory. The next TABLE III. Principal Cities, 1920.
Town
Territory
Population
Berlin ...
Prussia
1,902,509
Hamburg
Hamburg
985,779
Cologne ...
Prussia
633,904
Munich ...
Bavaria
630,711
Leipzig ...
Saxony
604,380
Dresden ...
Saxony
529,326
Breslau ...
Prussia
528,260
Essen ...
Prussia
439,257
Frankfort-on-Main
Prussia
433,002
Diisseldorf
Prussia
407,338
Niirnberg ...
Bavaria
352,675
Charlottenburg
Prussia
322,766
Hanover ...
Prussia
310,431
Stuttgart ...
Wiirttemberg
309,197
Chemnitz
Saxony
303,775
Dortmund
Prussia
295,026
Magdeburg
Prussia
285,856
Berlin-Neukolln .
Prussia
262,127
Konigsberg
Prussia
260,895
Bremen ...
Bremen
257,923
Duisburg ...
Prussia
244,302
Stettin ...
Prussia
232,726
Mannheim . .
Baden
229,576
Kiel ....
Prussia
205,330
Halle ...
Prussia
182,326
Berlin-Schoneberg .
Prussia
175,092
Altona _.
Prussia
168,729
Gelsenkirchen .
Prussia
168,557
Cassel ...
Prussia
162,391
Elberfeld ...
Prussia
157-218
Barmen ...
Prussia
156,326
Augsburg
Bavaria
'54,555
Aix-la-Chapelle
Prussia
145,748
Berlin-Lichtenberg
Prussia
144,643
Bochum ...
Prussia
142,760
Brunswick
Brunswick
I 39,539
Berlin-Wilmersdorf
Prussia
139,406
Karlsruhe
Baden
135,952
Erfurt ...
Prussia
129,646
Miilheim-on-Ruhr .
Prussia
127,027
Crefeld ...
Prussia
124,325
Lubeck ...
Lubeck
113,071
Hamborn
Prussia
110,102
Mainz
Prussia
107,930
Plauen im Vogtland
Saxony
104,918
Miinster in Westphalia
Prussia
100,452
