and all departments were established there except those o graduate chemistry, medicine and hygiene. On the resignatioi in Jan. 1913 of Dr. Remsen, Dr. Frank J. Goodnow, who hai been associated with the faculty of Columbia since 1883, took hi place as president in Oct. 1914.
The faculty in 1920 numbered 380, the students 3,300, as agains 175 faculty members and 683 students in 1907. In 1920 the library contained 226,000 bound volumes. In 1909 college courses wer established for teachers and others (both men and women), given a afternoon and evening hours and on Saturday mornings, and lead ing to the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts Summer courses, graduate and collegiate, work in which is credilec towards various degrees, were inaugurated in 1911, and in 1916 evening classes were added under the title " courses in busines economics " and " courses for technical workers," the latter con ducted by the engineering department. These are open to men anc women. By Act of the Maryland Legislature the department o engineering was established in 1912. This provided four-year courses in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering and in chemistry, as well as advanced graduate courses.
In June 1916, the Rockefeller Foundation of New York notified the university that the Foundation was prepared " to cooperate with the University in the establishment of a School of Hygiene anc Public Health for the advancement of knowledge and the training of investigators, teachers, officials and other workers in these fields." The offer was accepted. Dr. William H. Welch was appointed director and Dr. William H. Howell was named to assist in the work of organization and administration. The main objects of the school were to establish courses for the training of qualified persons for public health work, to promote investigative work in hygiene and preventive medicine and to provide opportunities for the training of investigators in these subjects. Men and women are admitted on the same terms.
JOHNSON, HIRAM WARREN (1866- ) , American politician, was born at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 2 1866. He entered the university of California but did not finish his course. He became a reporter, at the same time studying law in his father's office; was admitted to the bar in 1888; and practised with his father and his brother in Sacramento. In 1902 he established his office in San Francisco, where he became widely known for the vigour and success with which, as prosecuting attorney, he proceeded against dishonest public officials and corporations. He was elected governor of California for the term 1911-5; and in 1912 was an unsuccessful candidate for vice-president (on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt), as the nominee of the short-lived National Progressive party, which he had helped to organize. As governor he signed in 1913 the Webb anti-alien bill, designed to prohibit the ownership of land in California by Japanese, although the President had asked for delay. He was reflected governor 1915-9 but resigned in 1917, having been elected a U.S. senator. He opposed many of the policies of President Wilson's administration and declared that a league of nations would involve the United States in European wars. At the Republican National Conven- tion in 1920 he had considerable support as presidential candi- date, especially from those opposed to the League of Nations and the Treaty of Peace as submitted to the Senate.
JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- ), English administrator and writer (see 15.473), has published in recent years A History of the British Empire in Africa (1910); The Negro in the New World (1910) ; The Opcning-up of Africa (1911) ; Pioneers in West Africa (1911-3) and Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (vol. i., 19^9). He has also come forward as a novelist. The Gay-Dombeys (1919) was an attempt to follow up the subsequent lives of some of Dickens's characters, and he employed the same method in Mrs. Warren's Daughter (1920), a " continuation " of G. B. Shaw's play, Mrs. Warren's Profession.
JONES, EMILY ELISABETH CONSTANCE (1848- ), English educator, was born at Langstone Court, Hereford., in 1848. She was educated partly privately and partly at a school in Cheltenham, and afterwards went to Girton College, Cambridge, where she took a first-class in the moral sciences tripos in 1880. In 1884 she was appointed a resident lecturer at Girton, and in 1896 became vice-mistress of the college. She became mistress of Girton in 1903, and in 1916 retired.
Miss Jones published various works on moral science, including Elements of Logic as a Science of Propositions (1890); Primer of Logic (1905); Primer of Ethics (1909); and A New Law of Thought and its Logical Bearings (1911). She also, with Miss E. Hamilton translated Lotze s Mikrokosmus (1885), and has edited (1902) Henrv Sidgwick's Lectures on T. H. Green, Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau.
JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- ), English dramatist (see .15.498), produced subsequently to 1910 The Ogre (1911); The Divine Gift and Mary Goes First (both 1913); The Lie (1914) and Cock o'the Walk (1915), both produced in America; and The Pacifists, a war play produced at the St. James's theatre, London, in 1917. He also published some notable essays on patriotism and on education, and in 1920-1 carried on a vigorous newspaper polemic against Bolshevism and against the views of Mr. H. G. Wells and Mr. Bernard Shavy.
JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819-1911), English geologist (see 15.500), died at Chesham, Bucks., April 13 1911.
JOSEPH, former Archduke of Austria (1872- ), Austro- Hungarian field-marshal, was born at the chateau of Alcsuth in Hungary May 24 1872. The prince belongs to the " Hungarian branch " of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and is a nephew of the last Palatine of Hungary, the Archduke Stephen. In his military career Joseph of Habsburg took over at the outbreak of the World War the post of commander of the 31 st (Budapest) Div. of infantry. He fought against Serbia, then in the Carpa- thians, and in Poland against Russia; subsequently he com- manded the IX. Corps in nine battles on the Isonzo, then com- manded on the Russian front, extending from the S.E. corner of Transylvania along the ridges of the Carpathians as far as the Upper Theiss, and finally was leader of the V. Army against Italy. He displayed conspicuous personal bravery, and under- stood in a remarkable degree how to attach the troops to his per- son. During the reign of the Emperor- King Charles the Archduke Joseph repeatedly took a prominent part in politics. At the outbreak of the revolution he conducted negotiations, as homo regius, between King Charles and the Karolyi party (see HUN- GARY). After the fall of the Soviet Republic he was at first made Regent of Hungary (Aug.-Sept. 1919), but was compelled to retire owing to the intervention of the Entente Powers, who would not permit any Habsburg to hold a commanding position in Hungary. He married in 1893 the Princess Augusta of Bavaria and has continued to live in Hungary.
JUTLAND, BATTLE OF. The battle of Jutland (known to the Germans as the battle of Skagerrak), fought between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Sea Fleet on May 31 1916, round a position in lat. 57 N.,long. 6 E., 75 m. from the coast of Denmark, was the one great fleet action during the World War.
The appointment of Vice-Adml. Reinhold Scheer to command the German High Sea Fleet in Jan. 1916 was the harbinger of a more offensive naval policy on the German side. The tempo- rary cessation of their submarine operations in April 1916, follow- ng on the American note of April 18, set free a number of German submarines for fleet operations, and Scheer devised a plan for the iigh Sea Fleet to appear off the Norwegian coast in the hope that he British fleet would put to sea and be attacked by submarines ying in wait for it. With this object in view, 14 submarines were despatched to the Dutch coast and took up their position as fol- ows: Off Scapa U44, U43; off Kinnaird Head U47; off the Forth U66, U63, Usi, U32, U7o, U24, U52; off the Tyne U24; 3ff the Humber UB22, UBzi; off the Dogger Bank U67. Their movements had not escaped notice. The British Admiralty was on the alert. Indications derived from wireless directionals icinted to some exceptional undertaking, and in the afternoon of tfay 30 the C.-in-C. was warned of the probability of the High Sea Fleet coming out. The Grand Fleet at the time was in three divisions. Adml. Jellicoe was at Scapa with the main body, omprising the 1st and 4th Battle Squadrons, the 3rd B.C.S., he 2nd C.S. and three destroyer flotillas. The 2nd B.S. and 1st 3.S. were at Cromarty. Beatty with the battle cruisers and 5th J.S. was in the Forth. The order to prepare for sea, went out at 140 P.M. The Cromarty detachment was ordered to join the aattle fleet at sea, and by 10 P.M. the battle fleet had passed loxa gate on its way to a rendezvous in lat. 57 45' N., long. 45' E., 240 m. from Scapa. Beatty had received orders to pro-
