He quotes Lafargue with approval: " The working-man who eats a sausage and is paid five francs a day knows quite well that his employer robs him, and that a sausage tastes well and is good food." " Not at all," says a bourgeois sophist (let it be Pierson, Hume or Kant), " the working-man's opinion on this question is a personal view, a subjective view; he would have been quite as justified in thinking that the employer is his bene- factor and that the sausage is hashed leather, for he is unable to know a thing as it is (Ding an Sick)."
The period of reading and writing was also a period of propa- ganda in which Lenin was not troubled by any scruples. He rather preferred to have to do with common criminals like Mal- inovsky, Radek or Peters. Malinovsky had been caught in com- mitting burglary and forgery. This gave a handle to the Peters- burg secret police, and they employed him as a spy and agent provocateur. He managed to get into the Fourth Duma through the joint protection of Biclctzky, the Russian Fouche, and Lenin. It would be wrong to suppose that Lenin drew profits from the misdeeds of his associates. His one passion was lust of power, and he was not in the least attracted by gain. He was guided rather by the motto: Je prends man bien ou je le Irouve. This feature of his character served him well when the World War brought about the long-expected upheaval of European society. Lenin was one of the leading spirits of the Zimmerwald and Kienthal meetings, and urged a general revolt of the workmen of all countries against the war. But he rightly felt that the social catastrophe would be most likely to break out in Russia, as the worst governed and the least civilized country. Therefore he upheld to the full extent of his influence the cause of Germany against the Entente. " As things actually are," he said in Oct. 1914, in his organ published at Geneva, " it is impossible, from the point of view of the international proletariat, to say which would be the lesser evil for Socialism, an Austro-German defeat or a Franco-Russo-English defeat. But for us, Russian Social Democrats, there can be no doubt that, from the point of view of the working-classes and of the toiling masses of all the Russian peoples, the lesser evil would be a defeat of the Tsarist monarchy. We cannot ignore the fact that this or that issue of the military operations will facilitate or render more difficult our work of liberation in Russia. And we say: ' Yes, we hope for the defeat of Russia because it will facilitate the internal victory of Russia the abolition of her slavery, her liberation from the chains of Tsarism.' "
He and his associates found ready support from the funds at the disposal of the German secret service. And it came to pass that the Kaiser, who deemed himself the champion of mon- archical principle in Europe, should assist him and his retinue to reach Russia after the overthrow of the Tsar. From that point his career up to 1921 is merged in the general history of Russia (see RUSSIA), where he established himself as president of the Soviet Government. (P. Vi.)
LEONCAVALLO, RUGGIERO (1858-1919), Italian composer (see 16.455), died at Montecatini Aug. 9 1919.
LEROY-BEAULIEU, HENRI JEAN BAPTISTE ANATOLE (1842-1912), French publicist (see 16.485), published among his later works Les congregations religieuses et l'expansion de la France (1904) and Christianisme et democratic, et socialisme (1905). He died in Paris June 16 1912.
LEROY-BEAULIEU, PIERRE PAUL (1843-1916), French economist (see 16.485), died in Paris Dec. 9 1916.
LESCHETIZSKY, THEODOR (1830-1915), Polish pianist and teacher, was born in Poland June 22 1830. He was a pupil of Czerny, and for many years enjoyed a wide reputation as a pianist. His fame, however, chiefly rests upon his establishment (1878) of the Leschetizsky school of pianoforte playing at Vienna, which earned a world-wide reputation for the soundness of its methods of teaching and the number of eminent artists whom it produced. Among his pupils may be mentioned Paderewski, Mark Hambourg and Moiseiwitsch. The famous teacher died at Vienna Nov. 17 1915.
LETHABY, WILLIAM RICHARD (1857-), English architect, was born in Barnstaple in 1857, .and began his architectural training in that town. In 1879 he won the Soane travelling studentship of the R.I.B.A., and soon afterwards entered the office of Norman Shaw, remaining with him for 12 years. In 1892 he started practice on his own account. Shaw's inspiring influence, together with that of William Morris and Philip Webb, shaped and coloured Lethaby's design and work. His first important building was Avon Tyrrell, Hants., for Lord Manners, followed by Melrotter, Orkney and other smaller houses. He also carried out the Eagle Insurance building in Birmingham, and a church at Brockhampton, Hereford. A keen student of the past, Lethaby covered several fields in his writings on architecture and applied art. He published in 1892 Architecture Mysticism and Myth and London before the Conquest, and in the following year Leadwork, where his subject is treated both historically and from the craftsman's point of view. For several years he acted as editor of the series covering the whole ground of the Artistic Crafts, and for the Arts and Crafts Society wrote, later, Handicrafts and Re-construction. Concentrating on the study of Byzantine art, in 1893 he visited Constantinople, and there, in collaboration with Harold Swainson, gathered material for his book The Church of Sancla Sophia (1894). His Westminster Abbey and the King's Craftsmen a study of mediaeval master-masons and building methods was largely responsible for his being appointed in 1906 surveyor to the fabric of the Abbey, and becoming responsible for its repair and conservation. Amongst Lethaby's many other contributions to the literature dealing with the history and methods of architecture and its dependent arts are Mediaeval Art (1908), based on a study of the French cathedrals; Greek Buildings, represented by fragments in the British Museum (1908); Architecture, an introduction to the history and theory of the Art (1912); National Architecture and Modernism (1918-21) and many articles and papers in the Hibbert, the Hellenic and other journals and magazines. He was appointed in 1893 one of the two art inspectors by the then newly constituted Technical Education Board of the London County Council, and, with Sir G. Frampton, was responsible for the establishment of the Council's principal technical education centre. Of this, the Central School of Arts and Crafts, he was principal from 1893 to 1911. He was professor of design at the Royal College of Art from 1900 to 1918.
LETTOW-VORBECK, PAUL VON (1870- ), German general, was born March 20 1870 at Saarlouis. He took part in the China expedition in 1900, and fought in 1904 in the operations for the suppression of the German South-West African insurrection. In 1911 he was appointed commander of the colonial troops in Cameroon, and in 1913 to the corresponding command in German East Africa. There he conducted a four years' struggle against the British forces, extorting general admiration by the remarkable way in which he contrived to move his men and to elude his adversary through tropical jungles and regions which had only been partially explored. The remainder of his force finally withdrew into Portuguese East Africa. In 1919 he returned to Germany, and was made leader of the corps which bore his name in the organization of the Republican army (Reichswehr) before the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were fully enforced. He was active in suppressing Communist risings in Hamburg, and finally left the service in March 1920. He published in 1919 Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutsch-Ostafrika.
LEVASSEUR, PIERRE EMILE (1828-1911), French econo- mist (see 16.505), died July 9 1911.
LEVERHULME, WILLIAM HESKETH LEVER, 1ST BARON (1851- ), British soap manufacturer, was born at Bolton, Lanes., Sept. 19 1851, and educated at the Bolton church institute. In 1867 he entered his father's grocery business at Bolton. In 1874 he devised a tablet of "Lever's Pure Honey Soap," which, on the passing of the Trademark Act in 1875, enabled him to register his name as a soap manufacturer. But it was not until 1886 that he and his brother D'Arcy Lever started soap manufacture in earnest at Warrington as Lever Brothers. Their immediate success, and the popularity of their "Sunlight" brands, led to rapid extension, and their works, christened
