Among events not due to the war were the death of Edward VII. at Buckingham Palace in iqio, the coronation of George V. at Westminster Abbey in the following year; the " Suffragette " violence of 1914, amply atoned for later in public estimation by the admirable war services of the women suffragists; the first aerial Derby round London on June 6 1014; the more or less abortive police strike of Aug. 1919 (for recognition of their union) ; the railway strike of Sept. in the same year, when 20,000 motor- cars were assembled in Hyde Park to maintain the supply of milk ; the coal-miners' strike of 1921, when the authorities had again to have recourse to emergency measures for public protection; the great advance in the use of oil fuel, largely consequent on the shortage of coal caused by the strike.
Recent excavations in London have brought to light an arch of old London bridge (near St. Magnus' church), fragments of the Roman wall in Moorfields,- and a number of isth century boots and shoes in such good condition that the leather was used by the modern workmen to mend .their own footwear; a water conduit of doubtful use and date under Bond St. (possi- .bly of the iyth century, and used as a reservoir for the water of Tyburn); and Roman coins and charred remains of clay and wood in King William St., referred by some authorities to
- Boadicea's destruction of London in 61 A.D.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The chief official publications consulted in the preparation of the foregoing article include the London Statistics of the London County Council (vol. 26, 1915-20); James Bird, Clerk of the Council, Report of the Council to Jist March 1919; the annual Accounts of the Corporation of London; the Reports of the Port of London Authority (1910-20); the Port of London (Consolidation) Act, 1920; Reports of the University of London (1909-21). The Survey of London, published bj' the London County Council and edited by Sir Laurence Gomme and Philip Norman, is on a very extensive scale; the first six volumes had appeared by 1915. The London Topographical Record, dealing with special districts, was prepared by the London Topographical Society (10 vols. ; 1900-15). London, vol. I, of English Topography, edited by Sir L. Gomme (1914); H. H. Harben, Dictionary of London (i.e. the City) 1917); Sir L. Gomme, Making of London (1914); London of the Future (1921), pre- pared by the London Society, includes contributions from Sir Aston Webb, Lord Crewe, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Sir Reginald Blom- field, and many other authorities.
Small descriptive works include E. V. Lucas, A Wanderer in London (l4th ed. 1913) and London Revisited (1916); Wilfred Whitten, A Londoner's London (1913); Mrs. E. T. Cook, Highways and Byways in London (1911); G. R. S. Taylor, Historical Guide to London (1911); St. John Adcock, Famous Houses and Literary Shrines of London (1912) and the Booklover's London (1913); P. H. Boynton, London in English Literature (1913). The Blue Guide to London and Its Environs, edited by Findlay Muirhead, is a useful compendium (2nd ed. 1921). Convenient short histories are those by K. H. Vickers (1914) and Claud Mullins (1920); its govern- ment is explained in Percy A. Harris's London and Its Govern- ment (1913). '
The following refer to special districts, periods or features: E. Beresford Chancellor, The i8th Century in London (1920); Arthur Irwin Dasent, Piccadilly in Three Centuries (1920); W. H. Godfrey, History of Architecture in London (1911); Hilaire Belloc, The River of London (1913); W. G. Bell, Unknown London (1920); More About Unknown London (1921); Will Owen, Old London Town (1921); L. Wagner, A New Book About London (1921): Margaret E. Tabor, The City Churches (1917); Thomas Burke, Nights in Town (1915); Limehouse Nights (1917); and The Outer Circle (1921). (J. F. M.)
LONDONDERRY, CHARLES STEWART VANE-TEMPEST-STEWART, 6th MARQUESS OF (1852-1915), British Unionist politician (see 16.969), was a prominent leader of the opposition to the Home Rule bill introduced by the Asquith Government in April 1912. He was one of the first Unionists to sign the Ulster covenant Sept. 28 1912, and subscribed largely to the funds accumulated by the Irish Unionists. Lord Londonderry was one of the largest coal-owners in the north of England, and by his energy and business capacity greatly increased the value of his property. He died at Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-Tees, Feb. 8 1915. Lord Londonderry married in 1875 Lady Theresa Chetwynd Talbot, elder daughter of the igth Earl of Shrews- bury, who was well known for her philanthropic and political work and also as a brilliant hostess. During her residence in Ireland Lady Londonderry did much for the promotion of Irish industries, and in later life she completely identified herself with her husband's activities on behalf of the Unionist cause. She died in London March 16 1919.
Their eldest son, CHARLES STEWART HENRY VANE-TEMPEST- STEWART, yth Marquess of Londonderry (1878- ), was born in London May 13 1878. He was educated at Eton, and afterwards entered the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. As Viscount Castlereagh he entered the House of Commons in 1906 as Union- ist member for Maidstone. He served during the World War, and in 1915 succeeded his father as 7th marquess. He married in 1899 Edith, daughter of ist Viscount Chaplin, who did much valuable work during the World War as the originator of the! Women's Legion. She founded the corps of " Domestic Legion^ aries," as an attempt to solve the problem of domestic service; and in 1917 was created D.B.E. >
LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838-1915), American lawyer and politician (see 16.974), died at Hingham, Mass., Aug. 28 1915.
LONG, WALTER HUME LONG, 1ST VISCOUNT (1854- ), English statesman, born at Bath July 13 1854, was the eldest) son of Richard Penruddocke Long, of Rood Ashton, Wilts., and Dolforgan, Montgomeryshire, and his wife, Charlotte, daughter^ of the Right Hon. W. W. Fitzwilliam Hume Dick. He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. Being the representative of an old county family with a tradition of Par-' liamentary service it was natural that he should contemplate a; political career. He entered the House of Commons in 1880 as Conservative member for N. Wilts., and sat in every Parliament since till he was created a peer in May 1921, though he changed his constituency several times. The Reform Act of 1884 abol- ished his first constituency, so in 1885 he became member for. the Devizes division of the county. From 1892 to 1900 he sat for W. Derby, Liverpool, from 1900-6 for S. Bristol, from 1906- 10 for Dublin county, S., from 1910-18 for the Strand division, of London, and after 1918 for St. George's, Westminster. He early showed interest in, and knowledge of, questions of local administration, especially in country districts; and was accord- ingly appointed Parliamentary secretary of the Local Govern^ ment Board in 1886. The industry, capacity and common sense which he showed in his six years' tenure of this office marked him out for promotion when his party returned to power. Accordingly in 1895 he became president of the Board of Agriculture, remaining for five years, and then for the five following years he was president of the Local Government Board. His administration at the Board of Agriculture was marked by the stamping out of hydrophobia through the strict enforcement of a muzzling order for dogs, and the tenacity and resolution which he showed in carrying his policy through, in the face of a violent agitation by many dog-owners and dog-lovers, raised him greatly in public esteem.
Hitherto Mr. Long, despite his administrative efficiency, had not counted for much in the main party struggle. But in March 1905 he emerged into the limelight, being chosen by Mr. Balfour to succeed Mr. Wyndham, after the latter's breach with Irish Unionism, as Chief Secretary for Ireland. He at once restored Unionist confidence by reducing the under-secretary, Sir Antony MacDonnell, afterwards Lord MacDonnell, to definite subordination to himself as the responsible minister, and by the firmness with which he proceeded to enforce the law and repress agrarian intimidation. At the same time he proclaimed that his policy was to redress legitimate grievances, and to give everybody justice and fair play. The impression which he produced in Ireland in the few months before Mr. Balfour's resignation was so considerable that he, an Englishman, was returned to Parliament in the general election of 1906 as member for the S. Dublin. division. In the years of Opposition which followed he proved a vigorous opponent of Mr. Birrell's policy of laisser-faire in Ireland and of Mr. Lloyd George's proposals with regard to the land, and a more benevolent critic of the Government Old-Age Pension scheme and of Mr. Burns's administration at the Local Government Board. When Mr. Balfour, resigned the leadership of the Unionist party in Nov. 1911 he was the candidate of the more conservative branch of the party; but both he and Mr. Austen Chamberlain, his rival, agreed to.
