Value of Manchurian Trade in Haikuan Tads.
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North Manchuria
South Manchuria
1914
1915 1916 1917 1918
41,458,786
37,275,644 56,546,644 41,524,836 27,446,586
150,283,237
164-437,705 161,036,624 209,464,759
289,757,015
increasing prosperity during this period lay in the cultivation and export of the soya bean, the oil of which first found a market in Europe in 1908. In 1917 nearly half the export trade of Manchuria (70 million taels out of 153 millions) represented the value of beans, beancake and bean oil. Coal-mining under Japanese direction also gave a steadily increasing output. In 1917 the Fushun mines pro- duced 2,275,905 tons as against 490,720 tons in 1908. The anarchical conditions prevailing in Russia and Siberia after 1917 served to increase Japan's economic and financial influence in Northern Manchuria, the ruble note being replaced in many parts of the country by the yen notes of the bank of Chosen, which in Jan. 1918 was given control of the treasury business of the Japanese Govern- ment in Manchuria. At the end of 1918 this bank had 18 branches operating in Manchuria (as against 10 in Korea), and notes in cir- culation to the amount of 30 million yen.
According to the statistics compiled by the South Manchurian railway, the population of Manchuria in 1916 was 20,112,100, divided as follows:
Province.
Area in. sq. m.
Population.
Population per sq. m.
Mukden Kirin .... Amur (Heilungchiang)
Total
90,225 81,018 211,387
11,979,400 5,638,700 2,494,000
133 63
12
382,630
20,112,100
53
The above total includes the population of the leased territory of Kwantung and the South Manchurian railway zone, amounting to 672,000, of whom 118,364 were Japanese and 376 foreigners.
After the revolution in China the administration of each of the three provinces of Manchuria was vested in the dual con- trol of a Tuchun (military governor) and a Shengchang (civil gov- ernor) but since 1918 the two offices have been combined in one person in the provinces of Mukden and Amur. Later, towards the beginning of 1920, the Tuchun of Mukden, Chang Tso-lin, became the most prominent figure in Chinese politics and exer- cised almost dictatorial authority.
See Frederick Coleman, The Far East Unveiled (1918); J. O. P. Bland, China, Japan and Korea (1921) ; The Bank of Chosen, Official Report on the "Economic History of Manchuria" (1920); Corre- spondence respecting the new financial consortium in China. Blue Book, Miscellaneous No. 9 (1921). (J. O. P. B.)
MANGIN, CHARLES MARIE EMMANUEL (1866- ), French general, was born at Sarrebourg (Meurthe) on July 6 1866. After six months' service in the ranks (with the 77th Inf. Regt.) he entered the Ecole Speciale Militaire Oct. 30 1886 and was appointed a sous-lieutenant on the completion of his two years' course. The following year he went to Senegal and remained there until June 1892. In Oct. 1893 he went to the French Soudan, and spent most of the following six years either in that country or in the Congo (Marchand Mission), being made a captain in 1897. From 1901 to 1904 he was in Tonkin, and in 1905 was made lieutenant-colonel and posted to the 6th Regt. of colonial infantry. From Nov. 1906 to Dec. 1908 he served in W. Africa, returning there for six months in 1910, in which year he was promoted colonel. From Feb. 1912 to July 1913 he served both in W. Africa and Morocco and was made a general of brigade on Aug. 8 1913.
At the outbreak of the World War he was in command of the 8th Inf. Bde., but on Sept. 2 1914 took over the 5th Inf. Division. In June 1916 he was given temporary rank as a general of division and placed at the head of the XI. Army Corps. His temporary rank was made substantive in Oct. of the same year, just before he carried out at Verdun (Oct. 24 1916) the brilliant attack which resulted in the retaking of Fort Douaumont. On Dec. 19 1916 he assumed command of the VI. Army. This command formed part of the group of armies under Gen. Michelet which was designated to carry out the offensive on the Aisne in the spring of 1917. Extravagant hopes of decisive victory were
cherished by his Government and the generalissimo Nivelle. Victory indeed was won, but it was a Pyrrhic victory. Mangin, involved in the bitter controversy which followed the disap- pointment, was made one of the scapegoats and deprived of his command. Later, however, he was exonerated from blame by a commission of inquiry and placed by M. Clemenceau at the head of the X. Army. While commanding this army he carried out, in July 1918 and in conjunction with General Degoutte, the great counter-offensive on the enemy's right flank which resulted in the first of the final series of Allied victories. He was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on July 6 1919, and was made a member of the Superior War Council in Jan. 1920. In 1921 he was sent on a special mission to South America.
The incorporation of African troops in the French army on a large scale, both before and especially during the war, was the result chiefly of Mangin's persistent advocacy of the idea, which had many opponents. His conception of a " plus grande France," based on political autonomy and military obligation for all parts of the French Empire, is put forward in the concluding chapters of his work Comment finit la Guerre (1920), which in spite of its title is really a masterly review of the whole war.
MANITOBA (see 17.584). By the Act of the Canadian Parliament passed in the session 1911-2 the E. boundary of the province of Manitoba was extended N. to lat. 60 N. and N.E. to the point where the meridian of 89 W. intersects the S. shore of Hudson Bay. This gave the province possession of the two ports on Hudson Bay Fort Churchill and Port Nelson reserv- ing certain contingent privileges to the province of Ontario in respect of access by railway. The effect of the change was to in- crease the area of Manitoba from 73,732 to 251,832 sq. m., of which 19,906 sq. m. are covered by water.
The province divides itself naturally into four distinct areas: (i) the prairie region, (2) the lake region, (3) the archacan axis or granitic area, and (4) the Hudsonian plateau. The prairie region lies in the extreme S.W. and comprises some 30,000 sq. m. of ancient lacustrine sediments of immense agri- cultural capabilities and value. The lake region forms a well- watered zone N.E. of the prairie region, containing about 40,000 sq. m., with extensive fisheries, forest, and agricultural products. The archaean axis or rugged region, of granitic and gneissoid rocks, constituting the backbone of the province, is a Lauren tian plateau area of about 150,000 sq. m., where forest trees, minerals, fisheries, wild game, fur-bearing animals, and water-power abound. The maritime or Hudsonian plateau country, in the most easterly corner of the province, occupies the lower portions of the Churchill, Owl, Nelson, Hayes, and Shamattawa rivers, covering 25,000 sq. m. and containing forests, fisheries and the varied resources of a maritime region.
The general physical character of northern Manitoba is rough and broken, though it is not a mountainous region. North of Saskatchewan river and Lake Winnipeg the nature of the surface changes rapidly. The country rises and plains and swamps give way to ridges and limestone ledges. Farther north are countless lakes and streams, and the country is generally thickly wooded except for grassy meadows along the streams. The numerous waterfalls afford vast potential supplies of water-power. According to the official survey Manitoba has available water-power to the extent of 3,218,000 H.P. and is thus third in this respect among the provinces. Only 76,172 H.P. had been developed in 1921.
Population. The pop. of Manitoba in 1916 was 553,860 (294,604 males and 259,256 females). The urban pop. was 241,014 and the rural 312,846. There were 117,532 families in 104,656 dwellings, with an average of 4-71 to a family. Compared with the result of previous enumerations, the tendency is for the urban pop. to increase in a greater ratio than the rural. The origins of the chief elements of the pop. were: Canadian-born 332,146, English 90,894, Scotch 63,452, Irish 50,300, French 28, 573, German 15,228, Austro-Hungarian 18,001, Indian 13,894, Ukrainian 19,028. The immigrants born in the United States were 18,274; f these about 47% were of British origin. There were about 10,000 Indian half-breeds. Winnipeg, the capital city of the province, had in 1919 a pop. of
