and retired in 1906. Romer, who married in 1864 the daughter of Mark Lemon, editor of Punch, died at Bath March 19 1918.
RONALD, SIR LANDON (1873–), English conductor and musical composer, born in London June 7 1873, was educated at St. Marylebone and All Souls grammar school, and the high school at Margate. His first appearance as a musician was in 1890, as solo pianist in the wordless musical play L’ Enfant Prodigue, and in 1891 he was engaged by Sir Augustus Harris as conductor for a Covent Garden season. During the following years his reputation as a conductor steadily increased, and in 1908-9 he had a successful European tour. In 1908 he became conductor of the New Symphony Orchestra (now the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra), and in 1910 was appointed principal of the Guildhall school of music. His compositions include various orchestral works, and a large number of songs, many of which have attained wide popularity. He was knighted Jan. 1 1922.
ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO (1882–), American
politician, was born in Hyde Park, N.Y., Jan. 30 1882. He
was a distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. He was educated
at Groton, Harvard (A.B. 1904), and the Columbia Law School
(LL.B. 1907). He was admitted to the bar in 1907 and began
practice in New York City. He began his public career in 1910
when he was elected to the New York State Senate, being the first
Democrat in 28 years to represent his district. He was an anti-
Tammany man and was associated with the group that successfully
opposed the Tammany candidate for the U.S. Senate in
the session of 1911–2. In 1912 he was reelected to the New
York State Senate. The same year he strongly supported
Woodrow Wilson for president and on the latter's election was
appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913. He then re-
signed from the New York Senate. In 1915 he was a member of
the National Committee of the Panama-Pacific Exposition.
After America's entrance into the World War he went to Europe
in 1918 to attend conferences and to inspect the U.S. naval
forces, and early in 1919 was in charge of their demobilization.
He was a supporter of the League of Nations; he indorsed woman suffrage and was a strong advocate of civil-service reform for the post-office and consular appointments. At the Democratic National Convention in 1920 he was unanimously nominated for vice-president on the ticket with James M. Cox, but was defeated in the ensuing election.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858–1919), twenty-sixth President of the United States (see 23.707), completed his second
term, March 4 1909, the most famous man in his country, with
a wealth of personal friends, and a reputation as a master of men.
Yet from the presidency, like most of his predecessors, he
stepped down into a retirement which seemed to forbid a re-entry
into public life or a recovery of the headship of his party.
In the 10 remaining years of his life he displayed the same
qualities of intense thought and action that had characterized
him before; within a year after his withdrawal he again became
a great force in American society and public life. A sense of
fair play to his successor, President Taft, for whose choice he
was indeed responsible, and that drawing-force of the unknown
to which his nature was susceptible, led him to make plans
for a hunting and exploring trip in Africa, some months before
the end of his presidential term. He was also influenced by
invitations to make addresses in England and France.
Accordingly he sailed from New York on March 23 1909 for Africa, where, in conjunction with his son Kermit and the well-known hunter Selous, he travelled a long distance, shot big game, and safely emerged at Khartum in March 1910. Here he plunged at once into politics by addresses at Khartum and Cairo, in which he stood for orderly and vigorous government for Egypt. In both instances the addresses were requested and approved by the local military authorities. From Egypt he proceeded to Europe, and, apparently to his own surprise, found himself an international celebrity. He was received in all the courts of central Europe except the Vatican, where an official interposed between him and the Pope by stipulating guarantees of his conduct in Rome. He left a most interesting account of the impressions made upon him by this journey, in a long and intimate letter written at the time to the English historian Sir George Trevelyan, and published in Bishop's Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. It was in vain for him to claim that he was only a " private citizen with no claim to precedence "; for everywhere he was received with the honours ordinarily paid only to sovereigns. He was warmly received in France where he made a public address at the Sorbonne. In England his Romanes lecture at Oxford, and particularly his Guildhall speech on the management of a great empire, were noteworthy; and he was designated by President Taft to represent the United States at the State funeral of Edward VII. His most striking experience was in Germany, where he was received with cordiality by the Emperor, but, as he said afterwards, it was the only country in Europe where he felt that " every man, woman and child was my natural enemy that is, the enemy of my country."
Returning to the United States, June 18 1910, Roosevelt found that both his African and European experiences had been followed closely by the American people. President Taft had now had a year and a half of experience with the country, with Congress, and with reforms and policies which Roosevelt had initiated and expected would be carried out. There was a rift in the Republican party. Some of Roosevelt's friends were in opposition to the Taft administration. In the Ballinger controversy over western public lands, Roosevelt sided against the administration. A group of dissatisfied Republicans, the " insurgents," had arisen in Congress, and prepared to dispute the supremacy of the Conservatives in the party, on whom Taft seemed to be relying. To Roosevelt's mind, the " mossbacks " were in control; and a few hours after landing he agreed to throw his personal influence on behalf of Governor Hughes of New York, who was engaged in a struggle with the Republican Legislature over the direct primary. He made an address at Ossawatomie, Kan., Aug. 31, in which he laid down a radical programme of political and social reform to which he gave the name of the " New Nationalism." Plainly he was dissatisfied with Taft's administration. As early as Nov. 21 he discussed with an intimate friend the possibility of his accepting the nomination in 1912, to succeed Taft in the presidency. Through 1911 this quarrel grew. Soon after returning, Roosevelt became an editorial writer, bearing a free lance, in The Outlook, and alike in his editorials and in public addresses he took the side of the insurgent element. He regarded Taft as the representative of "the interests." Early in 1912, a group of seven Republican governors united in an appeal to Roosevelt to declare his willingness to be nominated. On Feb. 12, Taft made a bitter speech, in which, without mentioning Roosevelt, he spoke contemptuously of the extremists. This seems to have been the incident that decided Roosevelt's course; for on Feb. 26 he came out openly as a candidate for the nomination by the party convention in June.
Meanwhile the usual campaign for the choice of delegates to the Convention was going on, following the same lines as in 1908. In the southern states, where the Republicans were hopelessly in the minority, delegates were elected by the usual rump and machine-led state conventions. Roosevelt's friends made a campaign in the northern and western states, especially in those which had provided for a choice of delegates through a popular vote in party primaries. A majority of the Republican voters in those states favoured Roosevelt. When the Republican Convention met in Chicago, June 22, Taft was strong in the delegations chosen by state and local conventions; and Roosevelt in those representing a predominance of Republican voters. The organization of the Convention, however, was in the hands of the Taft men, because they had a large majority in the National Committee. Out of the numerous contested seats, only six were finally assigned by the Committee of Credentials to the Roosevelt column. On a test vote for the choice of temporary chairman, the Taft men showed a narrow margin. The turn of 15 votes which might have been secured had Roosevelt come out a few weeks earlier would probably have brought
