made important contributions to the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis.
His numerous scientific papers include Investigations into the Nature, Causation, and Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever (1893); Investigations Concerning Bovine Tuberculosis with Special Reference to Diagnosis and I Prevention (1894); Investigations of Diseases of Domesticated Animals (1897); The Agglutinative Affini- ties of Related Bacteria Parasitic in Different Hosts (1903) and Cer- tain Aspects of Natural and Acquired Resistance to Tuberculosis and Their Bearing on Preventive Measures (1916).
SMITH COLLEGE (see 25.273). Between 1910 and 1921
Smith College added to its equipment Burton Hall for biology, and the number of dwelling houses for students increased from 16 to 33. The library in 1920 contained 82,000 volumes and the Hillyer Art Gallery had increased its endowment to $100,000 and added largely to its collections. The college abandoned the system of admission by certificate and all students enter by
examination. In 1919-20 there were 181 teachers and 2,001
students, of whom 31 were graduate students, and the endow-
ment was $3,157,000, the total assets being over $6,000,000. A
campaign for increased endowment was carried on in 1920,
with the result that, when the promises were realized, the assets
of the college would be over $9,000,000. The college publishes,
besides its permanent bulletin, the Smith College Studies in
history, modern languages and classics, and contributions of
the department of biology. President Seelye was succeeded in
1910 by Marion LeRoy Burton (b. 1874), a graduate of Carleton
College, Northfield, Minn., and Yale Divinity School, who
resigned in 1917 and was succeeded by William Allan Neilson
(b. 1869), a graduate of Edinburgh and Harvard Universities.
In the World War the Smith College Relief Unit, the pioneer
among American college women's units overseas, worked in 16
villages in the Somme, France, affiliated with the American
Fund for French Wounded, and later with the Red Cross, from
July 1917 until April 1920, with the exception of the period
after the retreat of March 1918 until the following Jan., when
the unit operated clubs and canteens and assisted in the hospitals
at Beauvais and later behind the American front at Chateau-
Thierry, at Nancy, and in the Argonne. A small group of the
Relief Unit worked with the refugees at Orleans in the autumn
of 1918. Three Smith Canteen Units were organized and oper-
ated under the Y.M.C.A. in France. Another small group
worked as a Smith Unit with the Near East Relief in Armenia.
(W. A. N.)
SMITH-DORRIEN, SIR HORACE LOCKWOOD (1858- ), British general, was born May 26 1858. He joined the army in 1876, took part in the Zulu war and in the Egyptian campaign of 1882 and, attached to the Egyptian army, served at Suakin in 1884 and afterwards on the Nile in 1885-6, for which he was given the D.S.O. He took part in the Tirah campaign of 1897-8 and, showing conspicuous skill in handling troops, was rewarded with a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy. Immediately afterwards he was summoned to the Sudan to take part in the final advance to Khartum; for this he was promoted brevet colonel. He went out to the Cape in command of his regiment in 1899 and was shortly afterwards given a brigade and promoted major-general; he re- mained in the field in S. Africa, taking part in numerous opera- tions, until the end of 1901, when he was appointed adjutant- general in India. From 1903 to 1907 he acted, first as a district, and afterwards as a divisional commander, being promoted lieu- tenant-general in 1906. He was then brought home to take up the command at Aldershot, an appointment which he filled with marked success until 1912, when he was transferred to the Southern Command; he was promoted general that year.
On the death of Gen. Grierson in Aug. 1914 while the Expe- ditionary Force was still assembling in France, Sir H. Smith- Dorrien (who had been given the G.C.B. in 1913) was appointed commander of the II. Army Corps. At Mons, and during the sub- sequent retreat, the brunt of the enemy's onsets fell upon his troops, and when hard pressed near Le Cateau he found himself obliged to halt and to give battle; by his resolute action he effec- tually checked pursuit, although his losses were somewhat heavy. He subsequently commanded his corps at the battle of the Marne, on the Aisne, and during the severe fighting in Flanders in Oct. and Nov. On the splitting up of the Expeditionary Force into two armies he was appointed to the command of the II., receiving the G.C.M.G. for his services. This position he occupied until April 1915, whenhe returned to England and was placed in charge of one of the Home Defence armies. In the following Nov. he was chosen to take charge of the operations against German East Africa, but he fell ill on the voyage out, was unable to take up the command, and had to return home. He was appointed lieutenant of the Tower in 1 9 1 7 and in 1 9 1 8 became governor and commander- in-chief at Gibraltar.
SMOOT, REED (1862- ), American politician, was born
at Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan. 10 1862. He was educated in his native town and at the Brigham Young Academy, Prove, Utah. He amassed considerable wealth as a banker and woollen manufacturer. In 1895 he was appointed one of the presidency of the Utah Stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormon), and in 1900 was made an apostle. He was elected to the U.S. Senate from Utah in 1902 and reflected in 1908, 1914, and 1920. In 1903 attempts were made to prevent his entering the Senate because of his connexion with the Mormon church,
and on the charge that he personally favoured polygamy and
even that he himself was a polygamist. He was allowed to take
his seat; but the matter was placed in the hands of the Senate
Committee on Privileges and Elections for further investigation.
In June 1906 the Committee by a vote of 7 to 5 recommended
that he be unseated; but as the personal charges against him
had not been proved the Senate in Feb. 1907 by a vote of 42 to
23 refused to remove him. In 1919 he was chairman of the
Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee. In 1921 he was
a leading advocate of the adoption of a sales-tax, but failed to
obtain its acceptance by the Senate, though the movement was
widely favoured in business circles.
SMUTS, JAN CHRISTIAN (1870- ), S. African statesman, of Dutch descent, was born at Cape Town in 1870, the son of J. A. Smuts, member of the Legislative Assembly for Malmesbury, Cape Colony. He was educated at the Victoria College, Stellenbosch, at the Cape University, and then went to Christ's College,
Cambridge, where he took a " double first " in the Law Tripos in 1894. In 1895 he returned to Cape Town and practised as an advocate of the Supreme Court of the Cape till the end of 1896, when he went to Johannesburg to practise as an advocate there. The rapidity of his success is shown by his appointment as State Attorney to the Transvaal Republic in 1898. Thus before he was 30 his remarkable ability was acknowledged and, though he was opposed to the policy of President Kruger, his hand is to be recognized in the State documents of the Transvaal during the critical period which ended in the sending of the ultimatum to Great Britain and the outbreak of the S. African War of 1899-1902. During that war Smuts served throughout with Boer forces, rising during its latter period to the rank of general, and to the authority among his own people of one who had shown the possession of gifts as a leader in the field as brilliant as those which he was known to possess in the realm of the law. Thus when the negotiations for peace began Smuts stood out as one of the recognized Boer leaders.
With Gen. Botha, he threw his influence during the negotiations into the scale for peace, and when, in 1907, responsible government was granted to the Transvaal, Smuts became the right-hand of Gen. Botha, the first Prime Minister of the Transvaal, in the Ministry which he then formed. As colonial secretary the bulk of the administrative work of the new Ministry fell to him, and his success as an administrator was then proved beyond subsequent doubt. He brought to his task an intellect of the first calibre keen, quick, penetrating. His industry was untiring. Already a man of the world, he commanded the admiring devotion of his subordinates. These gifts would have secured for Smuts a position of great influence in any Ministry. They were no more than one of Smuts' many claims to such a position in the Botha Cabinet. He showed at once that he had high parliamentary ability. His rapid brain made him a master in debate. The complexities of legislation had no diffi-
