died in London Jan. 30 1912. He was succeeded by his son, George Arthur Maurice Hamilton-Gordon, born Jan. 3 1871, who in 1916 was appointed lord-in-waiting to King George V.
STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849-1912), English journalist (see 25.817), was drowned on the " Titanic " April 15 1912.
STEED, HENRY WICKHAM (1871- ), English journalist, was born at Long Melford, Suffolk, Oct. 10 1871, the son of a local solicitor, and was educated at Sudbury grammar school and the universities of Jena, Berlin and Paris. From 1896 to 1913 he acted continuously as foreign correspondent to The Times, beginning in Berlin, passing on to Rome, where he re- mained five years (1897-1902), and thence to Vienna (1902-13). His Hapsburg Monarchy (1913; 4th ed. 1918) is recognized as the most illuminating work that has been written on Austria- Hungary. In 1914 he became foreign editor (in London) of The Times, and in Feb. 1919 was appointed to succeed Mr. Geoffrey Dawson as editor. During the World War he was a prominent supporter of the Yugoslav movement. In 1918 under Lord Northcliffe he was engaged on propagandist work in the enemy countries, and he headed a special mission to Italy in March and April of that year. His other publications include The Socialist and Labour Movement in England, Germany & France (1894); L' ' Angleterre el la Guerre (1915); L' E/ort Anglais (1916); La Democratic Britannique (1918).
STEER, P. WILSON (1860- ), English painter (see 25.868), exhibited after 1886 practically the whole of his work at the New English Art Club, in whose formation he took a leading part and of which he was at one time president. His earlier work, such as the " Boulogne Sands" showed the influence of impres- sionism in its feeling for light and its handling of colour; but after 1895 he adopted a more sober palette, at times using strong black shadows with silvery lights, and gave increased attention to design. After 1900 he returned to the use of a full range of pigment, and produced some of his finest work, such as " Rich- mond after Storm " (1903) and " The Isle of Purbeck " (1909). In later years he only used the impressionist colour analysis to a very limited extent, and generally worked within a chosen and limited colour scheme. His feeling for colour harmony and power of rendering subtle variations in tone relate him to Gainsborough (a likeness well exemplified in " The Beaver Hat "), and give his work its characteristic quality. Most typical perhaps are his landscapes, mainly wide stretches of country with broken skies, full of light, atmosphere and a sense of space; but he also produced many portraits and figure compositions, his paintings of the nude being marked by great appreciation of the character and quality of flesh. His later work includes "A Summer Evening" (1914), " Painswick Beacon" (1916), " The Vale of Gloucester " (1917), " Chirk Castle " (1917), and a considerable group of water-colours, very delicately and directly handled. A self portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, and he is represented in the Tate Gallery, the Municipal Gallery, Dublin, and the Johannesburg Gallery.
STEFANSSON, VILHJALMUR (1870- ), Canadian explorer, was born at Arnes, Manitoba, Nov. 3 1879, of Icelandic parent- age. He was educated at the universities of North Dakota and Iowa, and afterwards at Harvard. He became a newspaper re- porter, but later was appointed to an instructorship of anthro- pology at Harvard, and became deeply interested in the prob- lems of the Arctic regions. He made a private expedition to Iceland in 1904, and the following year returned with a Harvard archaeological expedition. He visited the Eskimo of northern Alaska (1906-7), and in 1908 started on a four years' expedition to the Arctic shores of Canada under the auspices of the Geolog- . ical Survey of Canada and the American Museum of Natural History, with interesting results. In 1913 Stefansson was ap- pointed commander of the Canadian Arctic expedition which sailed from Victoria, B.C., in June of that year to explore the northern shores of Canada and Alaska. In 1914, with two com- panions, he crossed Beaufort Sea on the moving ice from Martin Point, Alaska, to the north-western corner of Banks I. ; in 191 5 he visited the sea west of Prince Patrick I. and discovered more land to the north; and in 1916 discovered land west of Axel Heiberg Island. The following year he travelled, again over moving ice, as far as lat. 8o3o'N. and long. ir2W. The expedition returned to Canada in 1918 (see ARCTIC REGIONS). Stefansson published My Life with the Eskimo (1913), The Friendly Arctic (1921) and an anthropological report on the ex- pedition of 1908-12, besides many articles in scientific journals. He receded many honours from learned societies.
STEIN, SIR (MARK) AUREL (1862- ), British archaeologist, was born at Budapest Nov. 26 1862. Educated in the
public schools of Budapest and Dresden and afterwards at
the universities of Vienna and Tubingen, where he studied
Oriental languages and antiquities, he went to England for
further study and then to India, where he became principal of the
Oriental College, Lahore, and registrar of the Punjab University
in 1888. Eleven years later he was appointed to the Indian
Education Service, and for the next two years carried out
archaeological explorations for the Indian Government in
Chinese Turkestan. In 1906-8 he made further explorations
(see 27.425) in central Asia and western China, receiving the
gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. From 1909 he
was superintendent of the Indian Archaeological Survey, and
in 1913-6 carried out explorations in Persia and central Asia,
described by him in the Geographical Journal (1916). He was
created K.C.I.E. in 1912. His other publications include
Chronicle of Kings of Kashmir (1900); Ancient Kholan,(igof)
and Ruins of Desert Cathay (1912).
STEVENSON, ADLAI EWING (1835-1914), American political leader (see 25.907), died at Chicago June 13 1914.
STEWART, JULIUS L. (1855-1919), American painter (see 25.914), died in Paris Jan. 4 1919.
STEYN, MARTINUS THEUNIS (1857-1916), Dutch S. African politician (see 25.915). After the prominent share which he took in the work of the S. African National Convention in 1909-10 ex-President Steyn retired into private life at his farm, Onze Rust (Our Rest), near Bloemfontein. From this retirement he never emerged till his death Nov. 28 1916, except to address occasional meetings of the Dutch people of S. Africa on topics of national interest. Yet this almost complete retirement from public activities did nothing to lessen his influence with his own people. It cannot be said that this influence was exercised to promote racial peace in S. Africa. When the dissension between Gen. Botha, the first Prime Minister of the Union of S. Africa, and Gen. Hertzog began to shake the frame of the Ministry, ex-President Steyn might have had a decisive influence in composing that difference, which was ultimately to break Gen. Botha's Cabinet and to lead to long dissension among the Dutch-speaking people of S. Africa. His weight, however, was thrown without reserve on the Hertzog side. The ideas of ex-President Steyn were the ideas of Kruger. He held with tenacity the creed of the Boer who regarded himself as the holder of S. Africa by a species of divine right, who resented the intrusion of the British element, and was determined to treat that element as intruders and " foreign adventurers." Beyond doubt they were sincere, if narrow. He held, as Kruger had held, and as Gen. Hertzog held, that the intrusion of the British element involved a descent into the muddy waters of commercialism, the strife of contending ideas and embroilment in the tangles of world-politics.
STINNES, HUGO (1870- ), German industrialist and financier, was born at Miilheim on Feb. 12 1870. He was the son of Hugo Stinnes, and grandson of Matthias Stinnes, who was the founder of a firm in no great way of business at Miilheim in the Ruhr district. After passing his leaving examination from a Realschule, young Stinnes was placed in an office at Coblentz where he speedily picked up the elements of a business training. In order to get a practical knowledge of mining he worked for a few months as a miner at the Wiethe colliery. He then, in 1889, attended a course of instruction at the Academy of Mining in Berlin. In the following year he entered the firm which his grandfather had founded. He remained there only two years and then established a firm of his own, Hugo Stinnes, Ltd. The whole original share capital was 50,000 marks (pre-war=2,5oo). Gradually, from dealing in coal, he became
