to foreign assistance stipulated in the Chinese-German Treaty of 1898, and relinquished the maritime customs at Tsing-tao and former German public properties. As to Siberian problems, Baron Shide- hara made a full statement to the effect that it was "the fixed and settled policy" of Japan to respect the territorial integrity of Russia, and to observe the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of that country, as well as the principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations.
The decisions taken by the Conference were embodied in seven treaties and various supplementary resolutions. (l) Five-Power Naval Treaty, designating specifically the capital ships to be retained by each of the contracting Powers and determining the ratio of capital ship replacement: 525,000 tons for the United States and Great Britain, 315,000 tons for Japan, 175,000 tons for France and Italy each or 5-5-3-1-66. This treaty also limited the tonnage of individual capital ships to 35,000 and the calibre of guns to 16 inches; individual cruisers were limited to 10,000 tons and their guns to 8-in. calibre. Aircraft carriers were limited in general to an individual tonnage of 27,000, with a total tonnage of 135,000 for the United States and Great Britain, 81,000 for Japan, 60,000 for France and Italy each. With certain exceptions, the status quo was to be maintained with regard to fortifications and naval bases in the Pacific. (2) Five-Power Treaty Relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Cases in Warfare, embodying the resolutions described above. Accompanying these treaties were two resolutions for a commission of jurists to consider amendment of the laws of war and limitation of their jurisdiction. (3). Four-Power Treaty, between the United States, Great Britain, Trance, and Japan, relating to insular possessions and insular dominions in the Pacific, accompanied by the declaration of the United States. (4) Four-Power Treaty, between the same Powers, relating to the foregoing, and defining "insular" so as to exclude Japan proper from its scope. (5) Nine- Power Treaty, relating to principles and policies to be followed in matters concerning China, as described above. This was supple- mented by ten resolutions embodying the decisions taken as to a Board of Reference, extra-territoriality, foreign postal agencies, foreign armed forces, unification of railways, Chinese military forces, existing commitments of China or with respect to China, the Chinese Eastern Railway. The treaty embodied the Root resolutions as its Article I, and strongly emphasized the principles of the "open door." (6) Nine-Power Treaty, relating to Chinese customs tariffs. (7) Chinese-Japanese Treaty, regarding Shantung. Two other treaties connected with the work of the Conference were: United States-Japanese Treaty, regarding Yap; and the Six-Power Treaty, allocating German cables in the Pacific. The Conference on Limita- tion of Armament was formally terminated Feb. 6 1922. On March i th; U. S. Senate ratified, by a vote of 67 to 22, the treaty with Japan regarding Yap. (C. SEY.)
WATERHOUSE, JOHN WILLIAM (1847-1917), English painter (see 28.370), died in London Feb. 10 1917.
WATERLOW, SIR ERNEST ALBERT (1850-1019), English
painter (see 28.381), died at Hampstead Oct. 25 1919.
WATER SUPPLY, MILITARY. The problem of military water supply bears the same relation to similar work in civil life that military bridges do to those of ordinary construction; that is to say, although the ultimate object, and the underlying principles, are the same, the circumstances of construction are so different that the whole subject requires separate consideration. It has
been long recognized that military bridges form a distinct branch
of the art of war. Experience now points to the fact that water
supply must be similarly treated. Of its great importance there
is no question. The whole of the military operations in a cam-
paign may turn on its adequate provision. The health and com-
fort of the troops and animals depend on this more than on any
other supply question. Railways demand its provision, both in
quantity and quality. It is therefore a matter both of operations
and of administration, besides being an engineering problem of
the utmost complexity.
In the following account of the most recent experience and practice connected with this subject, the purely engineering aspects of the problem will not be considered, and hydraulic calculations, sources of supply and the calculations entailed, well sinking and boring, pipe line design, reservoir dams and all other similar purely engineering technicalities will be omitted. It is proposed to consider the matter only in its military subdivisions.
I. Personnel. The duties of officers and other ranks charged with water supply are broadly to carry out the engineering work involved in the obtaining and storage of water, and in the arrangements for insuring its purity till it reaches the custody of the troops supplied, and also to control all means of its distribution. There should be in all this organized work every care taken to ensure standardization of practice; there must be an adequate and competent executive staff,
and efficient subordinates. On the staff of the engineer-in-chief of an army there should be an officer of high rank and of water experi- ence, especially in charge of the whole control from the front to the base. There should be water engineers, under the chief engineers of the various formations, whose duties will be not only to carry out work actually ordered, but to reconnoitre, think out schemes, and generally to have such a grasp of the technicalities of the problem in relation to the whole military operations, that their advice may be of value to the army, corps and divisional commanders in consider- ing the possibilities of operations. It is obviously of the very utmost importance that the general staff should keep the water engineers informed, to the fullest possible degree, as to impending develop- ments, so that water policy may be framed accordingly.
As a general rule the field units of engineering carry out water supply as part of their normal duties, but in large operations they may be so fully occupied otherwise that it is necessary to provide special units for water duties. These would comprise (a) \\atcr supply companies, each about 8 officers and 250 other ranks, for gen- eral water work; (b) lorry or barge purification units, each 5 officers and 1 20 other ranks, for operating purification plant; (c) \\ater con- trol units, each I officer, 46 others, for provision of turn cocks, j at water points, etc.; (d) water transport companies, 7 officers, 300 others for distribution by rail, road or canal, and (c) well-boring sections, each 2 officers and 74 others for wells.
The equipment for these will vary according to the circumstances of the country. Obviously the water transport con-panics \\ill have to be provided with many motor lorries fitted with tanks, and the purification companies with mobile laboratories. The above approxi- mate sketch of the various units required will, however, indicate the nature of the equipment to be provided.
_ II. Quantities to be Provided. In any water supply scheme the aim should be to provide as much water as can be advantageously\ used, for abundant supply means health and comfort. But concur- rently, there must be rigid control of distribution so as to ei reduction of waste. In giving, therefore, certain approximate esti-! mates of quantities required, it must be noted that, in hot din ales especially, circumstances may call for considerable modification.
Men require, in semi-permanent camps with water-borne sev. baths, etc., 30 gal. per head per diem; in standing ran ps, wi; water-borne sewage, 15 gal.; in temporary camps, 5 gallons. The! absolute minimum is I gal. at rest, and on the march for periods not " exceeding three days at a time $ gallon. Horses in temperate climates I drink 6 to 10 gal. a day and the absolute minimum is 3 gallon horse drinks 3 gal. at a watering, and takes 6 minutes to drink il . In hot countries and with much work horses may require more than ID gallons. Oxen and mules drink as much as horses, sheep and pigs about I gal. per diem, camels 10, with 20 every third day. A camel takes 20 minutes to water and drinks in two bouts with an interval of JO minutes.
In hospitals and standing camps allow per diem, for each slipper bath 200 gal., W. C. 30, lavatory basin 20, urinal 40, yard tap 40, each vehicle washed 10 gallons.
On railways each broad-gauge locomotive needs 7,000 gal. per diem, each metre-gauge locomotive 2,500, 6o-cm. -gauge I Horizontal stationary engines of compound modern type need 2 gal. per H.P. hour, and for the non-condensing type 4 gallons. I'or broad-gauge locomotives an alternative figure is 120 gal. per train mile. They require also for washing out about 3,000 gal. every 7 or 14 days. Boilers require about 20 gal. per H.P. hour under ni i conditions. Petrol and oil engines require for cooling at rate of 7 gal.l I per H.P. hour and 35 gal. tank capacity per 6 H.P.
III. Distribution under varying Tactical Conditions. (a) When a forced landing is contemplated, arrangements must be made fo> borne water, in quantities much in excess of requirements, for accidents are almost certain to happen to some of the water-bearini; vessels. Even if it is known that water does exist on shore, precautions are necessary, for, in event of hostile resistance, it is more than likely that a retreating enemy will damage the exi supplies. Parties of engineers, provided with the proper plant and tools, must be told off beforehand for water-supply work on !an< and extra water carts, pack animals with filled recepta< ' , should accompany the troops.
(b) When disembarkation takes place on friendly territory, watering arrangements standpipes, fillers for water bottles, troughs for animals must be provided near the points of concentration. The sites for such filling points must be carefully chosen so as not to impede concentration. Such work as this should be carried out by an advanced party of engineers, assisted by any local help available.
(c) For troops on the march, in a country reasonably well supplied. the procedure is for an engineer officer with a party of men equij for testing the quality, and noting the quantities of water, to ahead, fix watering places for men and animals, if possible impmvi; the local conditions and generally make all arrangements so that everything may be ready in plenty of time before the troops arrive. But if the march is in a land that has no natural supplies or where the quality and quantity is doubtful, the problem is different. The first thing to establish is an initial watering point (I. W. P.) or points, as far forward as possible before the advance takes place. Water must be collected there in temporary tanks and so arranged that lorries can be filled quickly therefrom and dispatched regularly.
