rendered good service. Later in the same year (1853) he was made an assistant commander of the armies in Kiangnan (Kiangsu and Anhwei). Before proceeding to his headquarters in Kiangnan (see under Hsiang Jung) he submitted an eight point memorial to the throne about the military situation, suggesting among other matters the enforcement of military law and disciplinary measures. When he reached Kiukiang on his way to Kiangnan he learned that the Taipings had left P'êng-tsê to attack Nanchang. He at once changed his plans and proceeded to the rescue of that city, arriving there one day ahead of the Taipings. He was besieged at Nanchang from June 22 to September 24, 1853. When the siege was raised by Lo Tsê-nan [q. v.] and others, Chiang was appointed governor of Anhwei. At this time the capital of that province was in the hands of the rebels, and the new capital, Lu-chou, was threatened. With a small force and insufficient provisions he hurried to the defense of Lu-chou. Besieged by the enemy, he fought desperately against an overwhelming majority. Though very ill and severely wounded, he resisted the attack to his last breath. When Lu-chou was eventually captured he ended his life by drowning.
Chiang Chung-yüan was posthumously given the rank of a governor-general, was canonized as Chung-lieh 忠烈 and was granted the minor hereditary ranks of Ch'i-tu yü and Yün-ch'i yü. In 1864 his rank was raised to a Ch'ing-ch'ê tu yü of the third class. He was generous, brave and far-sighted; and kind and sincere to his officers and soldiers who admired him, obeyed him, and were ready to die for him. A collection of his literary works, entitled 江忠烈公遺集 Chiang Chung-lieh kung i-chi, 1 chüan, appeared in 1856. A revised edition in 3 chüan, including a biography of him by Kuo Sung-tao [q. v.], was printed in 1898.
Chiang Chung-yüan was the eldest of four brothers. These brothers and several cousins participated in the campaign against the Taipings. One brother, Chiang Chung-chi 江忠濟 (T. 汝舟, 1819–1856), was killed in action against the bandits of T'ung-ch'êng, Hupeh, and was canonized as Chuang-chieh 壯節. A cousin, Chiang Chung-i 江忠義 (T. 味根, 1834?–1863), diistinguished himself in many battles and suceeded Chiang Chung-yüan as commander of a part of the Ch'u Yung volunteers. In 1861 Chiang Chung-i defeated Shih Ta-k'ai [q. v.] in Hupeh and forced the war into Szechwan. His operations, in 1863, in Kiangsi and southern Anhwei were very successful, but he soon became ill and died. Although only thirty sui he was posthumously given the rank of president of a Board, was canonized as Ch'êng-k'o 誠恪, and in 1885 was given the title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.
[1/413/1a; 1/435/1a; 2/43/1a; 5/51/20a; 5/55/14b; 5/58/12a; 7/26/1a; 8/3上1a; Kuo Sung-tao [q. v.], Yang-chih shu-wu wên-chi 17/1a; Huang P'êng-nien [q. v.] T'ao-lou wên-ch'ao (1923) 7/10b.]
CHIANG Fan 江藩 (T. 子屏, 節甫, H. 鄭堂), Apr. 26, 1761–1831, native of Kan-ch'uan (Yang-chow), was a scholar of the Soochow School (see under Hui Tung). His ancestral home was in Ching-tê, Anhwei. In his youth he studied under Yü Hsiao-k'o and Chiang Shêng [qq. v.] who inspired him with the theories of their teacher, Hui Tung [q. v.]. Being a student of the Classics, he assembled a library, and, before a drought devastated his native district in 1785–86, his collection reached some 80,000 chüan—rivalling that of his fellow townsman, Ch'in Ên-fu (see under Ku Kuang-ch'i). But he lost his fortune in the drought and was forced to dispose of his library. In 1787 he went to Kiangsi and lived thereafter under the patronage of officials and influential scholars. In the course of his work he travelled in Chihli, Shantung, Shansi, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fukien and Kwangtung, and so had an opportunity to become acquainted with many scholars of note in his day. The patrons to whom he was most indebted were Juan Yüan [q. v.], a friend of Chiang from early days; and Wang Chieh 王杰 (T. 偉人, H. 惺園, 葆淳, 1725–1805), the chuang-yüan of 1761 whose literary collection is entitled 葆淳閣集 Pao-ch'un ko chi, 24 chüan (1815). Wang, being a Grand Secretary from 1787 to 1802, permitted Chiang to live at his residence in Peking for several years at a time—once about 1791 and again about 1797–99. Juan Yüan invited Chiang to his headquarters at Shan-yang (Huai-an), Kiangsu, where Chiang held for a short time (1813) the directorship of the Li-chêng (麗正) Academy. A few years later Juan invited Chiang to Canton to share in such editorial projects as the Huang Ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan) and the 廣東通志 Kwang-tung t'ung-chih, 334 chüan, a general gazetteer of Kwangtung province. The latter work was compiled during the years 1819–22 and was
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