skill, Ê-lê-têng-pao finally succeeded in putting down the uprising.
After several months of fighting, Ê-lê-têng-pao was praised by Emperor Jên-tsung for reporting impartially defeats as well as victories, and late in 1799 he was elevated to a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard. His strategy was to confine the rebels in eastern Szechwan by suppressing allied bands in south Shensi and Kansu and by preventing their infiltration to Honan or Hupeh. In May he was raised to a viscount for annihilating a large band of Hupeh bandits in southeastern Shensi. Gradually the rebels were forced to roam in small bands through the forested mountains bordering the provinces of Shensi, Honan, and Hupeh. Early in 1801 he enforced the policy of fortifying the villages, hoping thus to starve the insurgents. For annihilating many rebel bands, he was raised in November 1801 to an earl. However, early in 1802, when one band succeeded in crossing the Han River near Hsi-hsiang, Shensi, he was reprimanded and reduced in rank to a baron. He was ordered to concentrate on the rebels in Shensi while his assistant, Tê-lêng-t'ai, was entrusted with the war in Szechwan. In the middle of 1802 he was again raised to the rank of earl, and late in the same year, to a third class marquis. Early in 1803, after most of the main rebel bands had been put out of action, he was again made Marquis Wei-yung to which were added the rights of perpetual inheritance. By the middle of 1803 the remaining small groups of rebels were also extinguished. In the meantime he supervised reconstruction in the devastated areas, the disbandment of volunteers, and the return of the soldiers from other provinces to their homes. Early in 1804 he went to Peking to return his seal as commander-in-chief of the forces of five provinces. He was received by the emperor with great honors and rich rewards. From March to August he again served in the war area assisting Tê-lêng-t'ai to pacify the remaining bandits. But because of illness he was allowed to return to Peking. In 1805 he was given several concurrent posts and was made a Duke of the third class. He died while the emperor was in Mukden visiting the tombs of his ancestors. On receiving the news, the emperor issued a long decree praising Ê-lê-têng-pao's military record. The deceased general was accorded unusual posthumous honors and was canonized as Chung-i 忠毅. A special temple to his memory, named Pao-chung Tz'ŭ 褒忠祠, was erected to the north of the Forbidden City. His infant son inherited his rank as the second marquis, but he died shortly after. In 1808 a nephew, Ha-lang-a 哈朗阿 (d. 1849, posthumous name 剛恪), became the third marquis. Ha-lang-a served under Ch'ang-ling [q. v.] in the war against the Mohammedans of Turkestan (1825–28) and under I-ching [q. v.] in the war against England in Chekiang (1841–42).
During the Ch'ing dynasty natives of Manchuria were called upon to serve in almost every war. As fighters they were brave and ruthless, and of them Ê-lê-têng-pao and his senior, Hai-lan-ch'a, were outstanding representatives. Ê-lê-têng-pao was of medium height and gentle in his manner. But when he fought he displayed unusual personal courage. The rebels who opposed him he treated harshly, believing that only by strong measures and frequent executions could uprisings be terminated. To his subordinates he was kind, but became unyielding whenever a question of discipline arose. He was a nephew of Fu-tê [q. v.] and from him he probably learned much about military tactics.
The official documents concerning the campaign to suppress the so-called White Lotus Rebellion were edited and printed about 1810 under the title 剿平三省邪匪方略 Chiao-p'ing san-shêng hsieh-fei fang-lüeh in four parts as follows: Introduction (chüan-shou) 9 + 1 chüan; The Main Text (chêng-pien), 352 chüan; Supplement (hsü-pien), 36 chüan; and Appendix (fu-pien), 12 chüan.
[1/350/5a; 2/29/34a; 3/300/4a; Chao-lien [q. v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu, chüan 7; Wei Yüan [q. v.], Shêng-wu chi; 吉林通志 Chi-lin t'ung-chih (1891) 106/7b; 四川通志 Ssŭ-ch'uan t'ung-chih (1815), chüan 83.]
EMPRESS DOWAGER. See under Hsiao-ch'in.
ENGGEDER 恩格德爾, d. 1636, belonged to the clan of Borjigit which claimed descent from the emperors of the Mongol dynasty. His ancestors were chieftains in the Bayot tribe that formed a subdivision of the Khalkas and had its pastures on the Sira muren, the upper waters of the Liao River, in present Jehol. Friendly intercourse between the Khalka Mongols and Nurhaci [q. v.] began in 1594 when some Mongol leaders sent complimentary messages to the Manchu chief. In 1605 Enggeder made a journey through hostile territory in order to
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