married his niece to Nurhaci (see under Hsiao-lieh). Two years later after unsuccessful attempts to secure a daughter of the Mongol, Minggan 明安, chief of the Borjigit tribe, he requested another wife from Nurhaci and was given a second daughter of Šurhaci.
Despite these matrimonial ties, a war broke out in 1607 between Nurhaci and the Ula in which the latter were defeated with the loss of some towns. Bujantai promised that if given another wife he would remain at peace. Nurhaci thereupon sent one of his own daughters to him and this step secured friendly relations for a period of four years. In 1612 Bujantai tried to bribe the Yehe beile, Bujai, into giving him for a wife a daughter who had been promised to Nurhaci. He also subjected Nurhaci's daughter whom he had married to indignity by "shooting whistling arrows at her". Enraged by these acts, Nurhaci took personal command of an expedition which completely defeated the Ula tribe in 1613. Bujantai fled to the Yehe who gave him refuge. He died sometime before 1620 when the Yehe tribe also fell into Nurhaci's hands.
[1/229/11a; Hauer, E., K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, pp. 23, 25–8, 29, 37–40, 44–8.]
C
CHA Chi-tso 查繼佐 (T. 三秀, 支三, H. 伊璜, 釣史, 釣玉, 興齋, 東山), Aug. 1, 1601–1676, Mar. 4, scholar, was a native of Hai-ning, Chekiang. In his youth he was sickly and his family was poor. When his father was away from home teaching in other families he studied in a village school. At the age of fifteen (sui) he was already known as a writer, and at eighteen (sui) began to compete in the local examinations. When he took his hsiu-ts'ai degree in 1621 Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q. v.] was his examiner. Twelve years later (1633) he became a chü-jên, after which he competed three or four times in the metropolitan examination, but always unsuccessfully. Nevertheless, he established a reputation for skill in the type of essays (pa-ku) that were required in the examinations and was engaged by high officials in Kiangsu and Chekiang as secretary. After 1638 he began to maintain a group of actresses in his home, after the manner of well-to-do families of that period (see under Li Yü). In 1643 he went to Fukien where he was welcomed by a large number of the local gentry, including Huang Tao-chou [q. v.]. After the fall of Hangchow to the Manchus (1645), Cha Chi-tso and his wife went into hiding and, after burying his personal manuscripts, he then went south and joined the court of Chu I-hai [q. v.]. Failing in several attempts to resist the invaders, he returned in 1647 to his home in Hai-ning where he found that most of his property had been confiscated. In 1649 he was imprisoned on a false charge but was released through the influence of certain friendly officials, such as Chou Liang-kung [q. v.] and Yang Ssŭ-shêng 楊思聖 (T. 猶龍, H. 雪樵, chin-shih of 1646). Despite handicaps of poverty and imprisonment, he compiled, in 1650, a work in 12 chüan, entitled 知是編 Chih-shih pien, consisting of biographies of martyrs of the late Ming period whom he admired as having died in a just cause. It is not known whether the work is extant. In 1652 he went to Peking, and on his return to the south began to lecture, first in an Academy known as Chüeh-chüeh t'ang 覺覺堂 on the banks of West Lake, and later in the Ching-hsiu t'ang 敬修堂 also in Hangchow. In 1657 he went to Kwangtung where he remained two years and while there visited his old friend, Chin Pao [q. v.], who was then a monk. From 1658 to 1659 he taught in Ch'ao-chou the sons of Wu Liu-ch'i 吳六奇 (T. 葛如, 鑑伯, posthumous name 順恪, d. 1665), a general in command of the troops of eastern Kwangtung. Early in 1659, while still in Ch'ao-chou, Cha printed several of his works including a collection of miscellaneous notes, entitled 東山外紀 Tung-shan wai-chi, in 2 chüan. He must have prospered in Ch'ao-chou, for on returning to his home in Hai-ning he brought back a number of rocks of uncommon formation which he placed in his garden, known as P'u-yüan 撲園.
Early in 1661 he was informed that his name appeared as one of eighteen collators of a privately compiled history of the Ming dynasty, entitled Ming-shih chi-lüeh (see under Chuang T'ing-lung). Whether or not he shared in that compilation is not clear. At all events he immediately submitted a letter to the provincial commissioner of education of Chekiang asserting that he had no part in the work and that his name was used without his knowledge. The letter also bore the signatures of Fan Hsiang and Lu Ch'i (see under Chuang T'ing-lung) who had been listed among the eighteen collators. Early in 1662 the expected inquisition of the book took place. Although the families of all others con-
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