lou shu-mu (書目), was printed in 1877 in the P'ang-hsi chai ts'ung-shu (see under P'an Tsu-yin). Ch'ên K'uei undertook several important studies which were left incomplete at the time of his death, but 13 short items by him, bearing the collective title Chi-jui lou wên-Ts'ao (文草) were printed in the Yen-hua tung-t'ang hsiao-p'in (see under Ho Ch'iu-t'ao).
About half the rare items in the libraries of Chang Chin-wu and Ch'ên K'uei were reassembled by another fellow-townsman, Ch'ü Shao-chi 瞿紹基 (T. 蔭棠, 厚培, 1772–1836), whose library, T'ien-yü chai 恬裕齋, is said to have housed more than 100,000 chüan. Manuscript copies of the catalogue of his library are preserved in the Kiangsu Kuo-hsüeh Library, Nanking, and in the Seikadō Library, Tokio. Ch'ü's son, Ch'ü Yung 瞿鏞 (T. 子雍), who inherited his father's interest as a collector, is said to have assembled about half the rare items of Wang Shih-chung's I-yün ching (shu)-shê (see under Huang P'ei-lieh). His library, known as T'ieh-ch'in t'ung-chien lou 鐵琴銅劍樓, is celebrated as one of the four most famous private collections at the close of the Ch'ing period. A catalogue of it, entitled T'ieh-ch'in t'ung-chien lou ts'ang-shu mu-lu (藏書目錄), 24 chüan with detailed bibliographical notes, was printed in part in 1860 by his two sons. Complete editions appeared in 1897 and in 1898. Several rare items in the library were reproduced photo-lithographically in 1922 under the collective title T'ieh-ch'in t'ung-chien lou shu-ying (書影).
[6/48/9a, 10b; Huang T'ing-chien (see under Chang Hai-p'êng), Ti-liu hsien-hsi wên-ch'ao, 2/17a, 28a, 4/17a; Sun Yüan-hsiang [q. v.], T'ien-chên ko chi, 29/9a, 49/9b, 52/2a; 常昭合志 Ch'ang-Chao ho-chih (1904), 27/12a, 32/30b, 32b, 33b; Ch'ên Têng-yüan 陳登原, 古今典籍聚散考 Ku-chin tien-chi chü-san k'ao (1936) pp. 359–63; Pelliot, B.E.F.E.O., vol. 9 (1909), pp. 230–31; Yeh Ch'ang-ch'ih, Ts'ang-shu chi-shih shih (see under P'an Tsu-yin) 6/37a]
Hiromu Momose
CHANG Ch'üan 張銓 (T. 宇衡, H. 見平), 1577–1621, May 13, Ming official, was a native of Ch'in-shui, Shansi. After taking his chin-shih degree in 1604 he began his political career as prefectural judge of Paoting-fu. Several years later he rose to the position of a censor. In 1618 when Yang Hao [q. v.] was preparing his expedition against the Manchus, Chang memorialized the government, warning against the danger of heavy taxation to support a foreign war and urging the adoption of a defensive policy. In 1620 he was sent to Liaotung as inspector of the armies under the governor, Yüan Ying-t'ai [q. v.], who was defending Mukden and Liao-yang against the Manchus. He opposed Yüan's program of enlisting Mongols, and his suspicions were justified when they turned out to be spies for the Manchus. At the fall of Liao-yang in 1621 he was taken captive, but committed suicide rather than enter the service of the Manchus. He was posthumously given the rank of president of the Board of War and was canonized as Chung-lieh 忠烈.
He was the author of a work in 12 chüan, entitled 國史紀聞 Kuo-shih chi-wên, which reviews in chronological form the history of the period 1352–1521. The book was completed in 1610; and the first edition, of which the Library of Congress possesses a copy, was printed by his son in 1624. During the Ch'ien-lung period this work was banned, together with two collections of Chang's memorials to the throne.
[M.1/291/2a; M.3/271/6b; M.30/1/32a; 明季北略 Ming-chi pei-lüeh, 2/2b; Hauer, E., K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, p. 108; Ssŭ-k'u (see under Chi Yün), 48/5b; Ch'in-shui hsien-chih (1881), 8/12a, 19b; Wang Tsai-chin [q. v.], San-ch'ao Liao-shih shih-lu, 4/12b.]
George A. Kennedy
CHANG Êr-ch'i 張爾岐 (T. 稷若, H. 蒿庵), Aug. 18, 1612–1678, Jan. 20, philosopher and commentator, was born in Chi-yang, Shantung. His ancestors, at the beginning of the Ming period, emigrated from Tsao-ch'iang, Hopei, into Shantung, and were farmers for generations. With his grandfather, Chang Lan 張蘭 (T. 汝馨, H. 前川, 1539–1618), literary interests began to appear in the family. His father, Chang Hsing-su 張行素 (T. 龍溪, 1582-1639), occupied the unimportant position of an inspector of a post-station, his honesty closing to him the way to higher offices. When his father met death at the hands of soldiers, only the duty of caring for his aged mother prevented Chang Êr-ch'i from taking his own life. Even so, he spent his entire life in seclusion. When summoned to participate in the po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination of 1679 he declined on the plea of illness.
The literary labors of Chang Êr-ch'i were primarily dedicated to ceremonies and rituals. His commentary to the Decorum Ritual, entitled 儀禮鄭註句讀 I-li Chêng-chu chü-tou, in 17
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