were established and new officials were appointed. His foster sons, Sun K'o-wang and Li Ting-kuo [qq. v.], were given his own surname, Chang, and were made generals. The campaigns of Chang Hsien-chung were marked by indescribable cruelty and under his regime the province of Szechwan endured untold suffering. When the province was bled white, both financially and in human lives, he planned in 1645 to proceed northward into Shensi. But the Manchus had by then established themselves in northern China and their forces were moving toward the southwest. At Hsi-ch'ung, Szechwan, Chang Hsien-chung met them, was defeated, and executed (see under Haoge). It is recorded that he was tall of stature, had a yellow complexion, a heavy chin and hence was called "Yellow Tiger" (黃虎).
[M. 1/309/24b, translated in full by Erich Hauer, "Li Tze-ch'êng und Chang Hsien-chung", Asia Major III; M. 41/2/9a; Tung-hua-lu, Shun-chih 3:2; For additional sources see W.M.S.C.K.]
CHANG Hsüeh-ch'êng 章學誠 (T. 實齋, H. 少巖, original ming 文斆), 1738-1801, scholar, was a native of K'uai-chi (part of present Shaohsing), Chekiang. After 1751 he lived with his family at Ying-ch'êng, Hupeh, where his father, Chang Piao 章鑣 (T. 驤衢, 雙渠, H. 勵堂, 巖旃, chin-shih of 1742, d. 1768), served as district magistrate. In his youth Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng was in delicate health and of retarded mental development. In 1756 when he was nineteen sui his father relinquished his official post and later was forced to make amends for faults committed during his term in office. Thereafter the family was too poor to return to the ancestral home. However in 1760 Chang Piao obtained the directorship of an academy at Ying-ch'êng, and Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng was thus enabled to pursue his studies at the capital. Two years later he became a student at the Imperial Academy, where he remained for nine years. In 1764 he visited T'ien-mên, Hupeh, where his father was director of an Academy and compiler of the local history, 天門縣志 T'ien-mên hsien-chih, completed in 1765 in 24 chüan. Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng wrote an essay for this gazetteer, entitled 修志十議 Hsiu-chih shih-i, or "Ten Points on the Writing of Gazetteers," in which he laid down many of the principles he later advocated. In the following year he returned to the Imperial Academy, where he excelled in history but failed in literature. Thus he could not then qualify in the provincial examinations. In order to become proficient as a writer he lived during the years 1766–68 at the residence of Chu Yün [q. v.]. At the Shun-t'ien provincial examination of 1768 he wrote an excellent essay concerning the compilation of a gazetteer of the Imperial Academy. Though he failed in this examination, his talent as an historian came to be recognized by Chu Fên-yüan 朱棻元 (T. 雨森, H. 青浦, 1727–1782), tutor in the Imperial Academy. Late in 1768 his father died leaving Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng responsible for the family, though he was too poor to perform the funeral rites. However, with financial assistance from Fêng T'ing-ch'êng, (see under Wang Chung), a friend of Chu Yün, he was able to make a bare living. Under the direction of Chu Fên-yüan and of Shih Ch'ao 侍朝 (T. 潞[鷺]川, 1729–1777), proctor of the Imperial Academy, he took a minor post (1769–71) in the compilation of the Gazetteer of the Imperial Academy, 國子監志 Kuo-tzŭ-chien chih, which was completed in 1778 in 63 chüan, but was revised in 1833-34 and printed in 1836 in 82 + 2 chüan. In 1769 he met Wang Hui-tsu [q. v.] with whom he remained on intimate terms until his death. Late in 1771 he, Shao Chin-han, Huang Ching-jên [qq. v.] and others were invited by Chu Yün to T'ai-p'ing, Anhwei, where the latter was serving as educational commissioner. During the years 1772–73 he twice visited Fêng T'ing-ch'êng, who then was intendant of the Ning-Shao-T'ai Circuit at Ningpo. There in 1773 he met Tai Chên [q. v.] whose writings had influenced him considerably, but with whom he now disagreed in matters of scholarship. In the spring of 1773 he obtained through Chu Yün the editorship of the local gazetteer of Ho-chou, Anhwei. This work, entitled 和州志 Ho-chou chih, was arranged under 42 categories, with an appendix entitled Ho-chou wên-chêng (文徵), 8 chüan. It is the first gazetteer in which Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng had an opportunity to apply his own theories, but because Chu Yün's successor, Ch'in Ch'ao 秦潮 (T. 步皋, chin-shih of 1766), took exception to the arrangement it was not printed. Thereupon Chang went to Ningpo, via his native place, looking for help from Fêng T'ing-ch'êng, But within a year Fêng was transferred to Formosa, and Chang went to Peking where he came into contact with many scholars of note who had congregated there for the compilation of the Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu (see under Chi Yün). In
38
